<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266</id><updated>2011-11-27T15:29:58.959-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Denisse Marmolejo Hernandez</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>40</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-7841828272217266570</id><published>2009-12-26T18:10:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-26T18:10:48.653-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Origen y Evolución del Latín by Denisse Marmolejo</title><content type='html'>Origen y Evolución del Latín by Denisse Marmolejo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El latín forma parte de la rama indoeuropea porque presenta rasgos comunes en lo concerniente a lo morfológico, léxico, fonético y sintáctico. La mayoría de las lenguas habladas en Europa forman parte de esta familia, así como también en el Asia meridional (zona que se extiende desde Turquía hasta la India).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hacia el 1000 A.c. aparece el latín en el centro de Italia, al sur del río Tíber, entre los Apeninos  y el mar Tirreno, en Latium (Lacio). El nombre de latín, de hecho proviene de este lugar, así como los primeros habitantes eran llamados latinos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas tarde el latín se impuso como lengua durante el imperio romano. Durante el imperio, el latín se extendió en toda la península ibérica y en Europa central, desde las Islas Británicas hasta Rumania. Al mismo tiempo que se extendía el imperio, también la lengua. Aún cuando el imperio había terminado, el latín (Vulgar) siguió usándose como lengua común en la mayoría de los territorios conquistados. Este tipo de latín, el latín vulgar (sermo Vulgaris), era usado por el pueblo, llámese  comerciantes, soldados, etc. De éste procede el español, así como el Frances, el italiano y otras lenguas romances. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Roma fue trascendental para la historia del mundo, y con ella el latín. Innumerables obras literarias como tragedias, comedias, poesías, así como tratados filosóficos y retóricos, fueron escritos en latín, durante y después del imperio; muchas de estas obras de autores anónimos y otras de otros autores tan populares como por ejemplo Plauto, Cicerón y Terencio, por mencionar algunos. Esto demuestra que la influencia del imperio romano, no fue sólo en arquitectura, ley y gobierno sino también en el mantenimiento de una fuerte tradición cultural ligada al idioma. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luego de desaparecer el imperio, en el siglo IX comenzó a llamársele al latín como Lingua Romana Rustica. Este cambio fue dándose poco a poco, generación tras generación de hablantes. Se crearon nuevas palabras, así como otras desaparecieron del uso popular. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El latín vulgar no era solo una lengua, sino un conjunto de dialectos vernáculos del latín vivo, hablados en las provincias del imperio romano. El latín, al desaparecer como lengua viva, condujo hacia el siglo IX, a la formación de lenguas romances tempranas. Más tarde los romances vernáculos fueron reconociéndose poco a poco como lenguas distintas.&lt;br /&gt;En lo concerniente al latín y su desarrollo literario, autores como Cicerón, Virgilio, Tácito, y más tarde Tomas de Aquino, Dante, Petrarca, etc. Lo utilizaron para escribir sus grandes obras. El latín utilizado, no era de otro tipo más que el latín culto y este latín culto fue el que permitió transmitir el legado de la cultura romana a todo el mundo, en cuanto a las ciencias y a las artes.  Además del legado de la misma lengua, en cuanto que muchas de las palabras utilizadas hoy en día, por todas las lenguas romances, tienen raíz latina. Cito: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La literatura latina se inicia con Livio Andrónico, que llegó a Roma siendo un esclavo de habla griega. Tradujo en verso el poema épico de Homero, la Odisea, al latín, y escribió las primeras piezas dramáticas en esta lengua, así como traducciones de obras griegas. El primer escritor romano nativo fue Gneo Nevio (270-201? A.c.), que siguió el ejemplo de Livio Andrónico. Sus comedias tuvieron mucho éxito y también compuso el Bellum Poenicum, un poema épico sobre la primera guerra púnica entre Roma y su rival Cartago. Sin embargo, el primer escritor romano verdaderamente importante fue Ennio Quinto, famoso por sus Annales, un poema enérgico y vigoroso que cuenta la historia de Roma y sus conquistas en versos hexámetros adaptados con éxito del griego al latín. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De acuerdo a la evolución del latín clásico, por otro lado, se pueden apreciar distintos momentos de desarrollo, cito: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Periodo antiguo &lt;br /&gt;Se fija entre el 240 hasta el 70 A.c. En él se incluyen los autores Ennio, Plauto y Terencio.&lt;br /&gt;Edad de oro &lt;br /&gt;Abarca desde el año 70 A.c. hasta el 14 D.c. En este periodo se incluyen los prosistas Julio César, Cicerón y Tito Livio, los poetas Catulo, Lucrecio, Virgilio, Horacio y Ovidio. En esta época la lengua alcanza las más altas cotas de expresión artística tanto en prosa como en verso y permite una enorme riqueza y flexibilidad.&lt;br /&gt;Edad de plata &lt;br /&gt;Va desde el año 14 hasta el 130. Se caracteriza por permitir la expresión retórica y ornamental, así como la concisión y el epigrama, todo lo cual se encuentra en la obra del filósofo y dramaturgo Séneca y en los escritos del historiador Tácito.&lt;br /&gt;Edad del bronce o periodo tardío &lt;br /&gt;Se extiende entre el siglo II al VI (c. 636), en el se incluye la literatura de los santos padres de la Iglesia, también llamada la Patrística. En aquellos momentos las tribus bárbaras introducen en la lengua numerosos préstamos léxicos y sintácticos; a esta forma del latín se le ha llamado lingua latina opuesta a la lingua romana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un dato curioso es que durante la época medieval en Europa occidental aún se seguían escribiendo cartas en latín. (Latín medieval o bajo) y se siguió utilizando en celebraciones religiosas de la Iglesia católica, en la que el Latín hoy por hoy es la lengua oficial. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La iglesia Católica sigue utilizando el latín, promoviéndola no sólo en instituciones educativas sino dentro, como lengua universal de la iglesia.  Hay que reconocer que ya a finales del siglo XVII el latín deja de ser una lengua internacional, aún cuando seguía utilizándose en cuanto a estudios clásicos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En cuanto al español, el Cantar del Mio Cid, se considera como el punto de inflexión que marca la diferencia entre el castellano medieval y el latín vulgar (del termino vulgaris, que significa común o del pueblo).  Cito: &lt;br /&gt;El siglo III suele considerarse como el período en que, más allá de las declinaciones, buena parte del vocabulario estaba cambiando (por ejemplo, equus → caballus). Sin embargo, es obvio que estas mutaciones no fueron uniformes en todo el Imperio, así que puede que las diferencias más llamativas se encontrasen entre las formas diversas de latín vulgar que se daban en las distintas provincias (también debido a la adquisición de nuevos localismos).&lt;br /&gt;En cuanto a la evolución del latín, hasta lo que es el español hoy en día, podemos apreciar que las vocales fueron modificadas. Cito:&lt;br /&gt;El latín tenía diez vocales: versiones breves y largas de A, E, I, O, U, y tres (o cuatro) diptongos, AE, OE, AU y, según algunos, UI. Los diptongos AE y OE cayeron para formar /ε/. AU, que se mantuvo en un inicio, terminó cediendo, mutando de /aw/ a /o/, una vez que la O original había sufrido otras modificaciones.&lt;br /&gt;Las vocales breves O y E que resultaron de los cambios no fueron estables en las lenguas hijas, y tendieron a romperse en diptongos. La palabra clásica focus (acusativo focum), "chimenea", se convirtió en la palabra proto-romance para decir "fuego" (reemplazando ignis), pero su vocal breve 'O' se convirtió en un diptongo en la mayoría de las lenguas:&lt;br /&gt;En el siguiente cuadro se pueden apreciar algunos ejemplos: &lt;br /&gt;Letra Pronun. clásica Pronun. vulgar&lt;br /&gt;A breve /a/ /a/&lt;br /&gt;A larga /a:/ /a/&lt;br /&gt;E breve /e/ /ε/&lt;br /&gt;E larga /e:/ /e/&lt;br /&gt;I breve /i/ /ɪ/&lt;br /&gt;I larga /i:/ /i/&lt;br /&gt;O breve /o/ /ɔ/&lt;br /&gt;O larga /o:/ /o/&lt;br /&gt;U breve /u/ /ʊ/&lt;br /&gt;U larga /u:/ /u/&lt;br /&gt;Y breve /y/ /ɪ/&lt;br /&gt;Y larga /y:/ /i/&lt;br /&gt;AE /ai/ /ε/&lt;br /&gt;OE /oi/ /e/&lt;br /&gt;AU /au/ /o/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En cuanto a las consonantes, Cito:&lt;br /&gt;La palatalización latina de los sonidos /k/, /t/, y a menudo /g/, ocurrió en casi todas las variantes de latín vulgar. Así la palabra latina caelum, pronunciada /kaelum/ comenzando con /k/, se convirtió en Cielo en español.  &lt;br /&gt;En el área romance occidental, una vocal epentética se insertó al comienzo de cualquier palabra de empezase con la letra s y otra consonante: así la palabra latina spatha se convirtió en español en espada.&lt;br /&gt;El género se remodeló en las lenguas hijas mediante la pérdida de consonantes finales. En latín clásico, las terminaciones -US y -UM distinguían los nombres masculinos de los neutros en la segunda declinación; una vez desaparecidas la -S y la -M, los neutros se mezclaron con los masculinos, proceso acabado ya en las lenguas romances. En contraste, algunos plurales neutros, tales como gaudia, que significa "alegrías", se reinterpretaron como singulares femeninos. La pérdida de la -M final es un proceso que parece haber comenzado en la época de los primeros monumentos de la lengua latina. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En cuanto al vocabulario, algunas palabras desaparecieron del uso popular y otras evolucionaron.&lt;br /&gt;Latín clásico Romance Castellano&lt;br /&gt;sidus (raíz sider-) stella estrella&lt;br /&gt;cruor sanguis sangre&lt;br /&gt;pulcher bellus bello&lt;br /&gt;ferre (raíz perfectiva tul-) portare portar&lt;br /&gt;ludere jocare jugar&lt;br /&gt;os bucca boca&lt;br /&gt;brassica caulis col&lt;br /&gt;domus casa casa&lt;br /&gt;magnus grandis grande&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el cuadro anterior se pueden apreciar algunas palabras en latín, y su equivalente hoy en día en español. Muchas palabras de latín clásico desaparecieron sin dejar rastro, mas otras evolucionaron. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt; El término clásico equus, "caballo", fue reemplazado por caballus, "caballo de trabajo", "rocín" (aunque cabe destacar que en rumano iapă, sardo èbba, español yegua, catalán euga y portugués égua todas con significado femenino, derivan del clásico equa). &lt;br /&gt;Otras palabras no han evolucionado, es decir, no han presentado un cambio fonético, otras si, por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;El latín vulgar fungus (acusativo fungum), se convirtió en hongo, con el cambio F &gt; H que fue usual en español (cf. filius &gt; español hijo). Pero hongo comparte un espacio semántico con fungo que, debido a la carencia del esperado cambio sonoro F&gt;H, demuestra haber sido prestada de nuevo del registro latino clásico. &lt;br /&gt;Los verbos latinos con preposiciones sufijazas, como  -bilis, -arius, -itare y –icare, desplazaron las formas simples, ya que se evitaban las formas irregulares o simplemente para regularizar géneros. &lt;br /&gt;En cuanto a los cambios gramaticales, cito:&lt;br /&gt;Los cambios fónicos que estaban ocurriendo en el latín vulgar dificultaban la preservación de la declinación nominal propia del latín clásico. Al principio se produjo una disminución del número de formas diferenciadas según caso, pasando el número de casos de 5 a 3 (nominativo, acusativo-ablativo, genitivo-dativo). Finalmente, la mayoría de lenguas romances prescindió completamente de las declinaciones latinas. Como consecuencia de la poca sustentabilidad del sistema de casos nominales tras estos cambios fonéticos, el latín vulgar pasó a ser una lengua flexiva con más formas analíticas que sintéticas, en la que el orden de las palabras es, en varios casos, un elemento necesario para la coherencia sintáctica oracional. Véase la tabla para observar el cambio que supuso la pérdida de la /m/ final, la pérdida de la extensión vocálica y el cambio sonoro del AE /ae/ al E /e/ en la primera declinación.&lt;br /&gt;En el uso coloquial, el constante uso de elementos deícticos o señaladores, dio paso al empleo de los demostrativos que aumentaron grandemente al estar combinados con el sustantivo, cuando se hacia referencia a algo nombrado. Poco a poco surgieron los artículos definidos  (el, la, los, las, lo) Lo mismo sucedió con los artículos indefinidos, ejemplo: unus surgió el artículo indefinido (un, una, unos, unas) que tampoco existía en latín clásico.&lt;br /&gt;Principales prefijos latinos: &lt;br /&gt;a /ab /abs  alejado de, separado de abstenerse&lt;br /&gt;ad cerca de, próximo a  adjunto&lt;br /&gt;ante   anterioridad anteponer&lt;br /&gt;circun /circum   alrededor de circumferencia&lt;br /&gt;cis del lado de acá Cisjordania&lt;br /&gt;co /con com  compañía, asociación compadre&lt;br /&gt;contra  oposición contraataque&lt;br /&gt;de /des  privación, negación deshacer&lt;br /&gt;e /ex   dirección hacia fuera, cese de un cargo  extraer, exministro&lt;br /&gt;extra /extro situación exterior, fuera de  extraparlamentario, extrovertido&lt;br /&gt;i /in /im   negación, lugar en donde  intocable, insertar&lt;br /&gt;infra debajo de infrarrojo&lt;br /&gt;inter   situación intermedia, entre intercalar, internacional&lt;br /&gt;intra   interioridad, en el interior de intravenoso&lt;br /&gt;o(b) contra, enfrente oponer&lt;br /&gt;per  a través de, acción terminada  perspicaz, perfecto&lt;br /&gt;pos / post   posterioridad, después de posponer&lt;br /&gt;pr(a)e   anterior precocinado&lt;br /&gt;pro  situación anterior, tendencia  prohombre, proamericano&lt;br /&gt;re   repetición redoble&lt;br /&gt;retro   dirección hacia atrás retropropulsión&lt;br /&gt;so /sub   debajo de, inferioridad submarino, subdesarrollado&lt;br /&gt;super   encima de, más grande que superponer, supermercado.&lt;br /&gt;supra sobre, encima supranacional&lt;br /&gt;trans /tras  situación al otro lado transatlántico &lt;br /&gt;ultra   situación más allá ultraderechista&lt;br /&gt;Principales prefijos griegos:&lt;br /&gt;α, αν &gt; a /an privación, negación  ateo&lt;br /&gt;ἀνὰ &gt; ana  hacia arriba, hacia atrás  anacrónico&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;ἀμφί &gt; anfi doble, por ambos lados anfibio&lt;br /&gt;ἀντὶ &gt; anti oposición  anticlerical&lt;br /&gt;ἀπό &gt; apo, ap-, af- separación, lejanía apócope&lt;br /&gt;αὐτὸ &gt; auto que lo hace por sí mismo  automóvil&lt;br /&gt;δια &gt; dia a través de, por  diámetro&lt;br /&gt;δι, δισ &gt; di, dis dos veces  dicotiledónea&lt;br /&gt;δυσ- &gt; dis dificultad, contrariedad  dislexia&lt;br /&gt;ἐκ &gt; ec, ex fuera, hacia fuera ectópico, éxodo&lt;br /&gt;ἐν &gt; en en el interior, dentro encéfalo&lt;br /&gt;ἐπὶ  &gt; epi sobre epidemia&lt;br /&gt;ἑτερο &gt; hetero otro heterodoxo&lt;br /&gt;κατὰ &gt; cata de arriba abajo, debajo catarata&lt;br /&gt;μετὰ  &gt; meta después de, más allá metafísica&lt;br /&gt;μονο&gt; mono uno solo monopatín&lt;br /&gt;ὀλιγο &gt; oligo poco oligarquía&lt;br /&gt;ὁμο &gt; homo igual homosexual&lt;br /&gt;παρὰ &gt; para al lado de, junto a  paramilitar&lt;br /&gt;περὶ  &gt; peri alrededor de perímetro&lt;br /&gt;πολυ &gt; poli mucho  polígono&lt;br /&gt;πρὸ &gt; pro delante de, antes prólogo&lt;br /&gt;πρὸς &gt; pros junto a, relativo a prosodia&lt;br /&gt;σὺν, σὺμ &gt; sin, sim con, al mismo tiempo sinfonía&lt;br /&gt;ὑπὲρ  &gt; hiper sobre, exceso hipermercado, hipersensible&lt;br /&gt;ὑπὸ  &gt; hipo bajo, defecto  hipotensión&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Principales sufijos latinos: &lt;br /&gt;-ble que se puede realizar la acción bebible, amable&lt;br /&gt;-tad /-dad cualidad de la acción bondad, pluviosidad&lt;br /&gt;-tor /-sor El que realiza la acción progenitor, profesor&lt;br /&gt;-ción la acción en sí dirección, tracción&lt;br /&gt;-oso el que realiza la acción, pero adjetivo lluvioso, costoso&lt;br /&gt;-ario relacionado con la acción secretario, funcionario&lt;br /&gt;-al /-ar conjunto  familiar, comercial&lt;br /&gt; Principales sufijos griegos:&lt;br /&gt;-ιτις inflamación otitis, sinusitis&lt;br /&gt;-(ο)μα resultado de la acción axioma&lt;br /&gt;-ιστη persona relacionada con la acción oculista, dentista&lt;br /&gt;-σις acción crisis, síntesis&lt;br /&gt;-ικη relacionado con la acción náutica&lt;br /&gt;-ισμος relacionado con la acción periodismo&lt;br /&gt;-εια cualidad simpatía, alegría&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fuentes: &lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:TABNXw6FEDAJ:aliso.pntic.mec.es/agalle17/cultura_clasica/prefijacion.htm+principales+afijos+y+sufijos+greigos+latinos&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=principales+afijos+y+sufijos+greigos+latinos&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=principales+afijos+y+sufijos+greigos+latinos&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn_vulgar&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=el+latin+vulgar+y+el+espanol&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=el+latin+vulgar+y+el+espanol&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:xq2E6nSYytoJ:www.robertexto.com/archivo7/liter_latina.htm+el+latin+y+los+escritores+clasicos&amp;cd=6&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=el+latin+y+los+escritores+clasicos&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=el+latin+y+los+escritores+clasicos&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:8BgMveDN_lIJ:www.traductorlatin.com/eslatin/romanempire.asp+influencia+cultural+del+latin&amp;cd=5&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=influencia+cultural+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=influencia+cultural+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:NRY711Wo1cYJ:es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn+cono+nace+el+latin&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=cono+nace+el+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=cono+nace+el+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?hl=es&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;hs=oGq&amp;ei=IbkdS7XYIcOUtgfvw9ibCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=spell&amp;resnum=0&amp;ct=result&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CAYQBSgA&amp;q=latin&amp;spell=1&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=atin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=atin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:Ze8aP3RPvq0J:html.rincondelvago.com/origenes-del-lenguaje.html+antecedentes+del+latin&amp;cd=3&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=antecedentes+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=antecedentes+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:OvWi5OPdBXQJ:club.telepolis.com/latiniando/hislat.htm+origen+del+latin&amp;cd=2&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:E3iRCbUIlBEJ:mx.answers.yahoo.com/question/index%3Fqid%3D20090530173855AAgfpVi+origen+del+latin&amp;cd=8&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com/search?q=origen+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;• http://www.google.com.do/search?q=origen+del+latin&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-7841828272217266570?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/7841828272217266570/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=7841828272217266570' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7841828272217266570'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7841828272217266570'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/12/origen-y-evolucion-del-latin-by-denisse.html' title='Origen y Evolución del Latín by Denisse Marmolejo'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6540924156619656705</id><published>2009-12-26T18:02:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-26T18:08:06.442-08:00</updated><title type='text'>“Atlas folclórico de la República Dominicana” observaciones by Denisse Marmolejo</title><content type='html'>“Atlas folclórico de la República Dominicana” observaciones by Denisse Marmolejo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Esto es importantísimo para los integrantes de una sociedad. Por qué? Porque es la base del respeto y la paz entre los distintos pueblos. Se deja de tanto mirar la paja en el ojo ajeno, y  de una que otra manera se comienza a apreciar la paja, lo que es diferente; que en todo caso no es defecto, sino riqueza. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Leyendo esta definición razoné sobre el hecho de que desconocía. En efecto, el origen de tan dichosa palabra, hoy día muy difundida. Mirando las imágenes del libro, y relacionándolo con el concepto me di cuenta de que tenemos FLOKCLORE en República Dominicana. Es difícil verlo si siempre has estado sumergido en. Creo que ese es uno de los problemas que tienen muchos de nuestros ciudadanos, que por el hecho de tenerlo frente a sus narices, le imposibilita el poder de apreciarlo. Punto a favor! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  De esta cronología histórica quiero comentar sobre el poeta Meso Mónica, que por cierto se dice que no sabia leer y escribir (no hay nadie que pueda decir si o no a ciencia cierta) pero fue un gran artista. Cuando comencé la carrera de letras, en el curso de Introducción a la literatura Dominicana, leímos sus poemas, que por cierto, no están en Internet, pero si en la biblioteca de la Academia de Historia en la calle Las Damas. Poemas muy astutos…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Estas figuras han sido importantes para mí y muchos otros estudiantes, en lo que respecta a la formación académica.  Aída, por sus poemas; José Guerrero por sus importantes investigaciones de la habichuela con dulce; Rueda, y sus escritos sobre la frontera Dominico-Haitiana, Pedro Enríquez Urena y sus aportes a la lingüística Dominicana; Veloz Maggiolo y sus novelas; Juan Bosch, en cuanto a su perspectiva política; Dagoberto, y su visión del Carnaval Dominicano. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Casandra Damirón: de niña  me llamó mucho la atención. Quería ser como ella. Era como un astro de luz, aquella que había valorado mucho nuestra música y bailes, y mediante ella los dominicanos aprendimos a valorarlos. Recuerdo ya hace muchos anos, en una visita al museo del canal 4 que vi unas fotos y trajes de ella. Me imaginé verla bailando, simplemente sensacional. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Mi madre siempre me mencionaba a Papá Liborio. No entendí su importancia hasta que asistí al lanzamiento del documental. El documental recorría los escenarios, y entrevistas de personas quienes conocían su historia, ya hoy él es una leyenda por su apoyo  y entrega a la comunidad. Por otro lado, Mamá Tingo, (“Hay Mamá Tingo, Anaisa, Anaisa a pie…”) Repetía esta frase de niña, como pidiendo a Dios. No se exactamente dónde, ni cómo llego hasta mi, pero se convirtió en parte de las exclamaciones que usaba de manera regular. Obviamente esto tiene relación con el antecedente histórico. Mamá Tingo, como afirma el libro, fue una luchadora por el derecho a la tierra en Rep. Dom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Joseito Mateo: Sus merengues… increíble, en tiempo de Navidad, mi familia materna, en Jarabacoa, suele escuchar sus merengues, una y otra vez, manera, más que amena de alegrar las fiestas, ritmo impresionante. Fefita la Grande: Con sus merengues típicos, pone a bailar hasta a un muerto! El cieguito de Nagua: La primera vez que puede identificarlo fue a través de los anuncios de Barceló (“así mismo es Barceló, calidad todo el tiempo”. Alberto Beltrán y sus increíbles boleros… “aunque me cueste la vida”, “lo que me gusta de ti”, “percal”…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Hoy en día se puede apreciar el tipo de vivienda africana en el desierto de Azua, camino Barahona. Desde hace mucho las había visto, pero no sabia que eran de origen africano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Tengo muy bonitos recuerdos con estos enseres, por mencionar algunas anécdotas. Recuerdo que cuando era niña, estuve durante un verano en un campo de Santiago en donde el agua se servía desde una tinaja de barro. Que en los campos de Jarabacoa camino Constanza los campesinos alumbran los caminos en las noches con jumidoras porque hasta hace poco no llegaba la luz eléctrica, y todo era alumbrado con gas. Los pilones grandísimos y bellísimos que venden en la carretera hacia el Sur, en la entrada de Azua. La Niña de la Espinita, muy popular en las casas de Los Patos, Barahona. En cuanto a los Juguetes, el concurso de Chichiguas de la Revista Tin Marín, en el Parque Mirador Sur. Mi hermano jugando con un tirapiedras para matar lagartos en el patio de mi casa. Las muñecas de trapo que me hacia mi abuela Linda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Quería mencionar a la Cruz del Domingo de Ramos, (celebración Católica) que también protege a los moradores de una casa, y que es muy popular en las viviendas dominicanas. De hecho, esta cruz adorna las casas durante todo el ano. Y no solo las casas, sino también los carros y los negocios minoritarios. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Observación: La yola de madera en los últimos anos ha adoptado una transformación: el revestimiento con fibra de vidrio, el cual es bastante efectivo, en cuanto a la reducción de la entrada de agua hacia el interior.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Coches tirados por Caballos: muy populares en el Malecón de santo Domingo, así como en Santiago, en El Monumento. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El moto concho, discusión que se ha dado hasta la saciedad desde que tengo uso de memoria, porque no es un transporte seguro. La mayoría de los motoconchistas y pasajeros, se transportan sin casco de seguridad. Parece no ser problema alguno en transportar, dos, tres, cuatro o cinco pasajeros…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Arte rupestre: alrededor del Lago Enriquillo existen numerosas cuevas las cuales están adornadas con el arte rupestre. He estado allí, y he visto los dibujos, los cuales reflejan la manera en como los tainos veían el mundo en aquel entonces. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Sobre el Larimar: No se con exactitud si es el único, esta ubicado en Barahona. Es un lugar bastante seco y salobre. El larimar, luego de ser extraído, luce como una piedra cualquiera, es trabajado arduamente para convertirlo en una pieza de joyería. El larimar es característico de nuestra tierra,  se puede observar que en los numerosos establecimientos comerciales para turistas, en toda la isla. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  La pandereta: famosa por amenizar las celebraciones religiosas cristianas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El tirapó: Aunque el libro específico que este se construye con una hoja de plátano, hoy en día también es construido con papel. De hecho, como maestra de niños de primaria, he tenido numerosas veces que confiscar los tirapós de muchos niños que adoran el sonido seco y alto que produce. Y los elaboran en base a un papel regular, ocho y medio por once. De una manera u otra podría decirse que el tirapo a evolucionado (que problema…)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Técnica del papel maché: también ha evolucionado. Hoy en día, numerosos artesanos en vez de utilizar barro para luego cubrirlo con papel, utilizan una vejigas, al cual se infla al tamaño deseado; luego de que las primeras capas se secan, se explota la vejiga quedando ya la base solidificada al secarse la pega, a la que luego se le añaden más capas hasta conseguirse el producto final. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Tampoco podemos ignorar, en cuanto a la vestimenta, dos posibilidades de los pobres de nuestro país. La primera es La Pulga, un mercado abierto en el cual se puede encontrar a bajo precio ropa de medio uso. La pulga se organiza cada Domingo en determinadas zonas de las distintas provincias, así como también en el Distrito Nacional, en el kilómetro Doce. La segunda posibilidad es la producción de ropa de las zonas francas. Todas aquellas prendas de vestir que no son enviadas al exterior porque tienen defectos, que son fabricadas en zonas francas, son vendidas a bajo costo en el mercado local. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El Lenguaje: De acuerdo al lingüista Saussure el lenguaje es la capacidad humana, la lengua, el idioma como ingles, español, portugués, y el habla ya como el acto el diálogo. A mi entender el título debería ser otro, algo así como expresiones Populares de la Lengua Española en República Dominicana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Los diminutivos, en a veces funcionan como todo lo contrario, como aumentativos a según los hablantes dominicanos. Por ejemplo, un amiguito, es alguien “muy amigo”. También como para matizar, suavizar. Por ejemplo, el negrito por no decir “el negro”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Según teoría lingüística:  a medida de que el hablante tenga poca riqueza léxica, presenta la tendencia a utilizar verbos conjugados en su hablar en vez de sustantivos (y que su léxico es limitado).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El libro posee algunas adivinanzas y refranes que preferí omitir por cuestión de mantener este trabajo de extensión corta. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El libro recoge los ciclos vitales, y las manifestaciones culturales de estos a según la religión católica; por eso preferí omitir esta parte ya que no todos los dominicanos son católicos. El libro debió incluir también las otras manifestaciones religiosas y sus consideraciones de los ciclos vitales, que también es parte de nuestra cultura. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El libro además, menciona los roles tradicionales de las mujeres en el pasado y dice que ha cambiado mucho luego de la inmersión de la mujer al mercado laboral. Sin embargo, omite, y no enumera, la manera en como estos roles tradicionales han cambiado, que debió también ser incluido. O sea que “no ha cambiado nada, lo único que ha cambiado es que  la mujer ahora tiene que trabajar más”? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  En el Bloque uno del resumen, discutí sobre los juegos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  El libro no discute todos los matices religiosos, es por eso que preferí no hacer comentarios con respecto a, para evitar la Discriminación.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Esta parte fue desarrollada anteriormente en el resumen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todas las sociedades tienen su propia cultura e identidad. A manera general, se deben respetar y valorar las distintas culturas, y valorar el hecho de que cada una es diferente; es riqueza. La cultura es todo cuanto hacen los seres humanos. La cultura es dinámica, se transforma con el tiempo (p.7).  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. El folklore: Ambrose Merton propuso el nombre de “Folklore” folk-pueblo, Lore- saber; saber popular.  En el siglo XIX surgió un movimiento para recoger todas las manifestaciones populares que podían perderse, especialmente Literatura oral. Que significa folklore? Primero, el saber del pueblo; la suma de todas las manifestaciones tradicionales de una sociedad y segundo, el saber sobre el pueblo; el estudio científico de estas manifestaciones. Es importante estudiar folklore porque mediante el estudio conocemos nuestras raíces, valorizamos lo que somos, mostramos nuestra auténtica cultura popular tradicional y al conocerla podemos difundirla. (p.8, 9) . &lt;br /&gt;2. El folklore en la República Dominicana: la palabra folklore aparece por primera vez en Rep. Dom. El 10 de febrero de 1884, en una publicación del periódico “El Eco del Pueblo”, (uso de seudónimo, autor desconocido). &lt;br /&gt;3. Nuestra sociedad, vista desde el punto de vista del folklore se divide históricamente en:&lt;br /&gt;• Sociedad precolombina&lt;br /&gt;• Colonización: importantes escritores que le dieron importancia al folklore como Bartolomé de las Casas, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Fray Ramón Pané, etc. Aparición del poeta Manuel Mónica (Mezo).&lt;br /&gt;• Independencia y República: se redefine nuestra identidad. Fundación de la nación dominicana. Ver escritores como Juan Antonio Alíx y Ramón Emilio Jiménez.&lt;br /&gt;• Dictadura de Trujillo: Trujillo manipula y usa el folklore como promoción personal (el merengue por ejemplo).&lt;br /&gt;• Post-trujillísmo: Surgimiento de un proceso de libertad y democratización, emergencia del pueblo como actor social y apertura del país al exterior. (p. 10, 11)  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Folcloristas Dominicanos: El libro menciona treinta y cuatro, (p. 12, 13) entre ellos quiero mencionar a Aída Cartagena Portalatín, José Guerrero, Manuel Rueda, Pedro Enríquez Urena, Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, Juan Bosch y Dagoberto Tejada Ortiz. (p.12, 13)  &lt;br /&gt;5. Propulsores del Folklore: Entre los mencionados en el libro, quiero recalcar a Casandra Damirón (p. 14, 15) &lt;br /&gt;6. Folkloristas Extranjeros: De  los citados en el libro, menciono a June Rosenberg (P. 16, 17).&lt;br /&gt;7. Patrimonios Folklóricos: Líderes y héroes populares: Todos los mencionados son muy importantes. En cuanto a mi historia personal, puedo mencionar a Liborio Mateo y  Mamá Tingó (p. 18, 19)   &lt;br /&gt;8. Patrimonios Folklóricos: Artistas Populares: entre los mencionados en el libro, quiero recalcar a Joselito Mateo, Jefita la Grande, el Cieguito de Nagua, Johnny Ventura y  Alberto Beltrán. (p. 20, 21) &lt;br /&gt;9. Patrimonios Folklóricos: Carnavaleros. Numerosos. El que más me llama la atención de los artistas populares es el Califé. Cito: “Chencho Califé fue un obrero del barrio popular de Villa Francisca de la ciudad de Santo Domingo que; satirizando a la elite, creó a Califé, personaje crítico, conciencia del carnaval”(p. 22, 23) .&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Parte del folklore material es la vivienda, la gastronomía, el transporte, la artesanía, las técnicas de conocimientos cotidianos, la construcción de instrumentos musicales, las máscaras del carnaval, y las vestimentas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. La vivienda: entre los distintos tipos:&lt;br /&gt;• La vivienda indígena: según Fray Ramón Pané los indios vivían en dos cuevas, Cacibajagua y Amayauma, de donde salieron a poblar la isla. Los Bohíos, (tipo de vivienda) eran colectivos, donde vivían varias familias de un solo linaje. El Bohío podía ser circular o rectangular, y no poseía divisiones internas. &lt;br /&gt;• La vivienda española: Construidos con piedras y amalgamaza; de más de un piso, con divisiones internas y hermosos patios recreativos, para el uso de una sola familia.&lt;br /&gt;• Vivienda africana: Barrancones colectivos. Cuando los esclavos decidieron escapar a las montanas en busca de su libertad, comenzaron a construir viviendas hechas de troncos, palmas y hojas, con techos de palitos entrelazados, mediante la técnica llamada Tejamanil. (p.30, 31) &lt;br /&gt;11. Estilos Arquitectónicos: De acuerdo al contexto, si es urbano o rural. En el contexto urbano, la arquitectura es distinta, básicamente por los puertos localizados en ellas, debido a la conexión con lo internacional.  Poco a poco los estilos se fueron modificando hasta la aparición de la puerta-ventana francesa, las puertas con vidrios, las cuales culminan a partir el 1910 con la llegada al país del hormigón armado. Por otro lado, el uso de la madera, dejo de ser el predominante con la llegada del hormigón armado. En general, la arquitectura dominicana  se caracteriza por su eclecticismo, es decir, proliferación de estilos diversos. (p. 32, 33)&lt;br /&gt;12. Enseres: Para el uso de estos en las viviendas. Puedo mencionar como típicos, las tinajas de barro, las jumidoras las cuales servían para el alumbrado de la vivienda. También están los pilones de mano, las imágenes de la Virgen de la Altagracia, el Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, la Niña de la Espinita, así como fotografías de los familiares. En cuanto a los juguetes podemos encontrar las tirapiedras, las chichiguas, los trompos, las muñecas de trapo, entre otros. (p.34, 35) &lt;br /&gt;13. La vivienda: Colores, rombos y cruces. “los colores y adornos en nuestras viviendas, están llenas de símbolos, creencias y tradiciones”. Como por ejemplo, la planta de Zábila, la cual protege a los que habitan en un hogar, frente a los malos espíritus. También, entre muchos otros, las cruces, usadas por igual como protección. (p.36, 37)  &lt;br /&gt;14. Gastronomía: Es una mezcla de los pueblos que nos conforman.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía Indígena: alimentos como la yuca que además del casabe los tainos obtenían una bebida dulce, vinagre, incluso, las mujeres hacían una preparación abortiva.  También esta el maíz, la batata, yautía, maní, auyama, palmito, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía española: animales de carne, como vacas, cerdos, gallinas, ovejas, cabritos y carneros. El plátano, el arroz, la harina, el queso, el jamón, frijoles, cebolla, lentejas, nueces, aceite de oliva, etc. Alimentos tradicionales de la navidad como los higos secos, coquitos, manzanas, turrones, almendras, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía africana: el gandul, el ñame, la pimienta, la sandia, el guineo, el molondrón. La fritura, tostones, mangú, los chicharrones, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía cocola: la harina de trigo, la harina de maíz, el pescado, la miel de abeja, la bija, el yanikeke, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía árabe: los quipes, el moro de lentejas, el niño envuelto, la berenjena rellena, los pastelitos, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía italiana: espaguetis, los coditos, las lasañas y las pizzas.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía Norteamericana: los flanes, los bizcochos, los pinchos, los huevos, la sopa de vegetales, la hamburguesa, el hot-dog, el sándwich, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Gastronomía China: la sopa china, el chowfan, chop suey, Chow main, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Haitiana: el crenchen y el chaca. &lt;br /&gt;15. Gastronomía Dominicana: Importante mencionar el Sancocho, el cual es una síntesis simbólica de las raíces y expresiones de los ingredientes básicos de la cultura dominicana. También está la llamada Bandera Nacional (arroz, habichuelas, carne y ensalada). (p.38-45)&lt;br /&gt;16. Transporte I: En cuanto al transporte a mano, la cabeza se  utiliza para llevar la ropa que se va a lavar, las bandejas de frutas, etc. Para esto se usa una envoltura de tela entre el contenedor y la cabeza, llamada Babonuco. Otro transporte es la canoa, el cual era el principal método de transporte de los tainos y hoy en día todavía es utilizado. Por supuesto la yola, las cuales son de madera.   las Guaguas, los coches tirados por caballos , el motoconcho   los caballos, burros y mulos, los cuales se utilizan de manera regular en las zonas rurales dominicanas. (P.48, 49)&lt;br /&gt;17. Pesas y Medidas: Se utiliza al libra, para cantidades, la caja y el cajón, la lata y la latica (una latica de gandules) el vasito (un vasito de salsa de tomate) la pila (una pila de tomates), el puno; la baza, de extremo a extremo de los brazos extendidos de una persona; la vara, la cual equivale a una yarda de 36 pulgadas. La tarea, la cual equivale a 629 metros cuadrados. La funda (de cemento, de cal, etc.) el macuto (de mangos, gandules, etc.) el tanque; para almacenar agua. Los sacos (de azúcar, de arroz, etc. El diente, es frecuente escuchar por ejemplo “déme tres dientes de ajo”. La cuadra (equivale  a la cara paralela de una manzana, para medir distancias) el cuadro (para la venta de paneles de abeja) la cabeza (para el ajo, la cebolla, etc.) el cuello (para compra un pantalón, se utiliza el cuello de la persona como equivalente) la tercia (como tercia de ron) botella (líquidos como ron, cerveza) la chata y la chatita también para ron. Finalmente el botellón de agua. (p. 50-55)&lt;br /&gt;18. Artesanía: muy numerosa. Brevemente mencionare las tradicionales, como las hamacas y las redes de pescar (herencia taína) los tambores de madera, las flautas de concha, las trompetas de caracol.  Cabe destacar las numerosas cuevas en donde podemos apreciar el arte rupestre de nuestros indígenas, a través de los petroglifos y pictografías que allí existen.  Esta la artesanía Neo-taina, la Joyería, trabajada con el ámbar y el Larimar, importantes piedras. La primera porque en contados lugares en el mundo existe; y la segunda, porque hasta el día de hoy solo se encuentra en la República Dominicana.  También están los trabajos creados a base de piel y cuero como por ejemplo las sillas de cuero; artesanía en metal, como las alcancías; artesanía en madera, como por ejemplo los famosos muebles de bambú del Cibao. (p.56-61)&lt;br /&gt;19. Instrumentos Musicales: Como la Tambora (instrumento de percusión) de las que existe la variedad de Tambora grande, Tambora Bamboula. Por otro lado los atabales, los palos, el congo y el conguito. También el Balsie. El mongo, las pailas, las Botijuelas, El Bumbí, Los tambores de Sarandunga, el Pandero y la Pandereta  el rombo, los redoblantes, las matracas, las castañuelas, el arel, los palitos, etc. Entre los instrumentos infantiles, se encuentra el tirapó, el cual se construye con una hoja de plátano  (p.62-67)&lt;br /&gt;20. Construcción de Máscaras: Los españoles introdujeron la técnica del papel maché, en la cual se construye un molde de barro, se le va agregando pedazos de papel, pegados con almidón o pegamentos industrializados.   Otra técnica es la de la pluma de Gallina, en la cual se utiliza papel corrugado de cajas de ron y cerveza; el uso de latas, plumas y ripios; higüeros, cabezas de caballo, plástico; asfalto y crin de caballo.(p.68, 69)&lt;br /&gt;21. Indumentaria: En este país, igual que en muchos otros, dependiendo de los oficios  y las clases sociales. Los taínos, en un inicio usaban, según Roberto Cassa; pequeños paños y naguas para cubrir sus genitales. Los tainos también dibujaban en sus cuerpos figuras geométricas, collares de caracoles y huesos. Los españoles trajeron sus vestimentas cotidianas. Los esclavos se vestían de acuerdo al gusto de sus amos, sin embargo, los esclavos libres recrearon elementos de sus culturas y lugares de origen. Luego de la independencia Dominicana, la vestimenta fue cambiando poco a poco. Por un lado las elites siguieron usando el frac europeo. Por otro, las clases populares se vestían de acuerdo a sus recursos y posibilidades económicas. Hoy en día la globalización ha influido. Las clases altas siguen utilizando vestimenta de acuerdo a la moda del exterior. La clase media tomo como símbolo de identidad el Jeans Americano. No se puede ignorar la falsificación  disponible en el mercado local de los diseños mundialmente reconocidos  (p.70-75).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Folklore Social&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El folklore social recoge las manifestaciones del saber y la práctica como resultado de las relaciones sociales, grupales y colectivas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;32. Organizaciones Sociales: Como el compadrazgo (el apadrinamiento del bautismo de una niña o de un niño) el compadrazgo establece una relación de familiaridad; el Convite (trabajo voluntario) el Sindicato (para la mejoría de las condiciones de grupos determinados, como por ejemplo las asociaciones de estudiantes, los partidos políticos, etc.) las cooperativas (de horros y préstamos) el san (el cual es una forma de ahorro). (p. 76-79)&lt;br /&gt;33. El Lenguaje : &lt;br /&gt;• Diminutivos: terminados en –ito Ej. sancochito, mejorcito, traguito, etc .&lt;br /&gt;• Los complementos: para fortalecer las conversaciones. Ej. Estoy hasta la coronilla, estoy hasta la Tambora, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Los pleonasmos: énfasis innecesario. Ej. Chiva hembra, hija hembra, yo quiero que me entierren en la tierra, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• El uso de tres: el uso del número tres como mágico y popular. Tres son los padres de la patria, tres las hermanas Mirabal, la tres es la vencida, tres son las entidades de la santísima trinidad, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• El uso de la a. Ej. Asoplala, rempujón, asigun, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Los Dilemas: extremos. Ej. Mía o de nadie, una cosa o la otra, blanco o negro, lo coje o lo deja, bueno o malo, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Exageraciones: Ej. Vuelto un trapo, como Pedro por su casa, habían como mil, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Interjecciones: anja, unju, carajo, miércoles!, Miérquina, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Terminaciones en –io, -eo. Ej. Plumerio, mamoneo, maroteo, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Uso de verbos: coger y dar Ej.  la cogi al vuelo, corre que te dejo, les dieron la vuelta al conuco, no le des más vuelta al asunto, etc.&lt;br /&gt;• Uso de frases: Ej. Se armo San Quintín, Se armó un reperpero, Más vieja que raca, cuando la guardia de mon, cuando cuca bailaba, etc. &lt;br /&gt;• Palabras generadoras: Ej.: vaina; que vaina, la vaina la vainita etc. (p. 80-85)&lt;br /&gt;34. Siglas, adivinanzas, refranes y gestos: Siglas como UNACHOSIN, AMD, PRD, PRSC, FED, UASD, UNPHU, etc.   (p.85, 86)&lt;br /&gt;35. Ciclos vitales: sobre estos menciono un detalle que me pareció interesante.    “cuando se muere un anciano, se quema una biblioteca”. (p. 87, 89)&lt;br /&gt;36. La muerte: “La muerte es el acontecimiento mas trascendente que sacude a la familia, al barrio, a la comunidad y, en algunos casos a la nación”: si un niño muere y tiene menos de un ano, se le llama Baquini. Si una mujer muere sin haber tenido relaciones sexuales, se le viste de blanco con un velo de novia. En el funeral se bebe ron, se juega domino, se come muchísimo… si una persona muere y tiene dinero, dice donde lo dejo a través de sueños. (p. 90, 91).&lt;br /&gt;37. Festividades Sociales: Como la enrrama con perico ripiao, grandes orquestas, bachateros, etc.; para festividades como los bailes de graduación y las fiestas de quince anos. &lt;br /&gt;38. Patronales: Herencia española, en el inicio se celebraban en honor de la patrona o el patrón del pueblo. En el inicio fundamentalmente religiosas. (p. 92-95).&lt;br /&gt;39. Festividades folclóricas: Son numerosas, por mencionar algunas: la Festividades de atabales de Sainagua, Festival Cimarrón de Nigua, Festival de Atabales de Barahona, Festival Folklórico de Monte plata, etc. (p.96,97)&lt;br /&gt;40. Carnaval: Es la fiesta más impactante de la cultura popular, en nuestro país. Se celebra en todo el país; Santo Domingo, Santiago, La Vega, Cotui, Salcedo, Mao, Moca, La Romana, San Cristóbal, etc. El carnaval integra personajes típicos como el Diablo Cojuelo, los Lechones, Toros y civiles, Macaraos, Judas, La Muerte, Se me muere Rebeca, etc. (p. 98-115)&lt;br /&gt;41. Semana Santa, navidad, ano nuevo, y Reyes magos: Entran en las que son las festividades católicas (ver comentario al pie de pagina numero 24) (P. 99-119)&lt;br /&gt;42. Juegos infantiles   (p. 120, 121)&lt;br /&gt;43. folklore Espiritual mental &lt;br /&gt;44. Música Folklórica&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6540924156619656705?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6540924156619656705/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6540924156619656705' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6540924156619656705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6540924156619656705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/12/atlas-folclorico-de-la-republica.html' title='“Atlas folclórico de la República Dominicana” observaciones by Denisse Marmolejo'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-4363872012498283252</id><published>2009-12-26T17:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-26T17:57:23.928-08:00</updated><title type='text'>La función del Tiempo en la novela La Maravillosa Vida de Oscar Wao</title><content type='html'>Ensayo: La función del Tiempo en la novela La Maravillosa Vida de Oscar Wao&lt;br /&gt;Por Denisse Marmolejo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hay un momento para todo y un tiempo para cada cosa &lt;br /&gt;bajo el sol: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cientos de libros Dominicanos se han publicado durante los últimos años. Durante los primeros meses, luego de la puesta en circulación,  podemos leer los comentarios que aparecen en los periódicos y las revistas. Generalmente son impresiones, reseñas, recomendaciones… Las Universidades Nacionales y sus publicaciones periódicas también hacen referencias a dichas obras, con el propósito de difundirlas. Casi siempre, todo se queda ahí. A menos que la obra trascienda las fronteras de la isla, se queda circulando entre las voces de los lectores Dominicanos, entre los pocos privilegiados que pueden comprarlas y que eligen hacerlo; pues para nadie que lea en el país es un secreto, que cuando el lector Dominicano tiene el poder de comprar,  gracia y desgracia, la primera elección es siempre el libro extranjero. ¿Por qué? Muchos factores, los cuales no voy a detallar… pero una de las razones por que ocurre esto es por los pocos estudios escritos a estas obras. Estudios de comparación y análisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Existe la necesidad creciente de documentar las obras literarias de nuestros compatriotas. Escribir sobre ellos, y porque no, de sus obras. Aquí es donde entra La Obra de Junot Díaz, La Breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao y nuestra necesidad de escribir sobre ella.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durante el invierno del 2008 estuve en New York, y caminé por la calle Juan Pablo Duarte, comí pesado con coco… la impresión fue muy distinta a la que me habían pintado desde niña. No es el paraíso, es el New York Dominicano, es Negrápolis; Newark, Elizabeth, Jersey City, Las Oranges, Union City, West New York, Weehawken, Perth Amboy…  Lo mismo me ocurrió en Miami.  No es el Miami de las playas paradisíacas, es el Miami Dominicano, con colmados que venden cerveza Presidente y mujeres que se la pasan en el salón luchando contra el “cabello malo”… Cómo ignorar que los Dominicanos nos hemos insertado en estas ciudades, emigrando para mejorar, o más bien para continuar con nuestras costumbres y filosofía de vida, aplicada por supuesto, a otra realidad, a otro país. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muchos intentan tachar el fenómeno con pocas palabras diciendo que simplemente es la consecuencia de “La Cultura de la Pobreza”. Yo prefiero entenderla como “La Cultura de la Supervivencia” y lo que acarrea, comenzando con el mismo idioma y su transformación diacrónica, que para nadie es un misterio. El hablante Dominicano al tener dominio limitado del idioma Inglés, incurre de manera inconciente a la alternancia de dos idiomas de manera muy natural: El comportamiento lingüístico híbrido  .  Es más fácil comunicarse así… Y aún cuando reconocen muchos que este es el aporte 1-A de la obra en cuestión, y que de eso se discutirá  in secula seculorum hay más que decir, más que decir sobre la obra. Y precisamente de otro tema, del TIEMPO, es que quiero detallar a continuación, en las siguientes páginas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para nacer y un tiempo para morir, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para plantar y un tiempo para arrancarlo plantado; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta obra ha cruzado las fronteras, porque el autor ganó el premio Pulitzer de novela 2008. La edición del Grupo Santillana que utilicé es la traducción por Vintage Books, edición del 2008. Los teóricos asocian y relacionan la novela con las novelas famosas del Gabo, diciendo que tiene riqueza Dikensiana… critïcan sus “aburridas notas de pie de pagina” etc., etc., etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aún cuando parezca innecesario plantearlo, entiendo yo que no se podría apreciar la novela de Junot, y olvidarse de que ésta existe en un espacio y en un tiempo determinado, no muy lejano de lo que vi en el año 2008, la contemporaneidad…&lt;br /&gt;La obra de Junot, está obviamente viva detrás del papel. El lector es como un músico que toca la partitura-palabras, oraciones, párrafos, capítulos- por el simple placer de escuchar. No importando el músico-autor, mas que para agradecerle, si y solo sí la obra es “buena”; de las diez mil maneras posibles, que la haya escrito. Mil gracias, de verdad, que muchas gracias Junot, etc. Pero fuera de escribir y repetir esto hasta la saciedad, que es lo que ocurre en el 95? 96? 97? o 98? Por ciento de los casos, por supuesto que hay más que decir. Se puede ARGUMENTAR, es POSIBLE y VALIDO.  Y esto es precisamente lo que pretendemos hacer. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿La tesis? ¿El punto de partida de este análisis? El tiempo y su relación con los demás aspectos de la obra. Cómo es que el tiempo incide en la obra, cómo depende la obra del tiempo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cualquiera sabe que la música esta organizada para ser metódicamente rítmica, está organizada en el tiempo. Pues lo mismo pasa con la novela de Junot Díaz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para matar y un tiempo para curar, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para demoler y un tiempo para edificar;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta investigación es exploratoria. No pretendo con ella dividir “el cielo y la tierra” Cito:&lt;br /&gt;“Los estudios exploratorios son como cuando viajamos a un lugar que no conocemos, del cual no hemos visto ningún documental ni leído algún libro (a pesar de que hemos buscado información al respecto), sino que simplemente alguien nos ha hecho un breve comentario sobre el lugar”  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En lo que cabe discutir sobre el tiempo en la obra está:&lt;br /&gt;• La situación histórica y sus matices políticos, económicos e ideológicos como referentes del tiempo.&lt;br /&gt;• Los personajes y el devenir de ellos en el tiempo, abarcando transiciones que acaparan la niñez, adultez, vejez y muerte; desde la perspectiva de las relaciones familiares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿Por qué Junot ha dividido a la novela de esta manera  y no de otra manera?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para llorar y un tiempo para reír, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para lamentarse y un tiempo para bailar; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerard Genette  en 1972 publica “En Busca del tiempo Perdido en –Discurso del Relato” dentro del libro Figuras III.  En él plantea  que los elementos de una obra literaria  están relacionados a la técnica narrativa y ésta al tiempo en la obra "Una inteligencia más aguda de la experiencia del tiempo perdido y recobrado" y es esa experiencia la que otorga a las técnicas narrativas su significación y su objetivo  . El tiempo, simplemente porque el libro es literario, es toda una falsedad. Todo es mentira en una obra literaria. Aun así podemos entender la obra  como si fuera la versión de un individuo ante un hecho, la versión de Junot Díaz;  después de todo, nadie tiene la última palabra, nadie conoce toda la verdad: la temporalidad del relato .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nivel del significado: erzählte zeit = tiempo de la historia = realidad narrada&lt;br /&gt;nivel del significante: erzählzeit = tiempo del relato = discurso narrativo &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Basándonos en lo anterior introduzco las hipótesis de la novela en la cual  se asumirán como válidos los siguientes planteamientos: &lt;br /&gt;1. El tiempo como elemento en la novela es significativo.&lt;br /&gt;2. El tiempo, es la base de la estructura de la novela. &lt;br /&gt;3. El análisis del tiempo en la novela permite analizar la estructura profunda del texto, proponiendo una lectura crítica del mismo, en cuanto a la crítica social se refiere, más de lo que supone cualquier novela  del “Realismo Sucio”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Breve y Maravillosa Vida de Oscar Wao, es una novela para jóvenes adultos, que contiene la historia de una familia que emigra a los Estados Unidos. Cito:&lt;br /&gt;"La novela Chapotea en el realismo mágico tropical, el feminismo punk-rock, hip-hop machismo, post-pirotecnia posmoderna y multiculturalismo polimorfo suficiente como para llenar la introducción a una clase de Estudios Culturales” &lt;br /&gt;Siguiendo la línea argumentativa discuto la clasificación de la novela, dentro del realismo sucio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Con realismo sucio («Dirty realism») se designa un movimiento literario estadounidense surgido en los años 1970-80 que, en términos generales, pretende reducir la narración (especialmente el relato corto) a sus elementos fundamentales. (…) el realismo sucio se caracteriza por su tendencia a la sobriedad, la precisión y una parquedad extrema en el uso de las palabras en todo lo que se refiera a descripción. Los objetos, los personajes, las situaciones deben hallarse caracterizados de la manera más concisa y superficial posible. (…) En cuanto a los personajes típicos, siempre tienden a retratarse seres vulgares y corrientes que llevan vidas convencionales.  En la línea uno de los grandes referentes del movimiento, es el cuentista O. Henry. Otra influencia importante en la corriente es la del narrador norteamericano J. D. Salinger. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Realismo sucio, realismo duro o realismo sórdido…  la novela es cruda, los personajes se despintan como lo que son, sin tapujos; las situaciones de la novela no sirven para otra cosa más que para reforzar el drama de los personajes, los cuales el lector entiende que son corrientes y vulgares, por la impresión que crean del sin sentido de la existencia estilo H. Miller  y todas las exageraciones (de miedo, de amor, de cólera, de odio, de tristeza) a lugar.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Ahora que también soy madre, me doy cuenta de que no pudo haber sido diferente, así era ella. Como dicen: Plátano maduro no vuelve a verde”.   La novela es realista. Me recuerda terriblemente a Joseph Conrad  muchas de las novelas de Conrad transfieren a la literatura y recrean mediante la ficción lo que es, literalmente, una experiencia personal . ¿Será la novela muy parecida a la experiencia de Junot en la vida real? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Podemos fácilmente ver la fotografía de las Calles Dominicanas en New York, así como el panorama de Santo Domingo, Azua, Samaná, Baní…  El autor describe estos lugares tal cual eran y la transformación a través del tiempo. Como por ejemplo la ciudad de Santo Domingo,  que va actualizándose. En ella  aparecen los primeros elevados y túneles signo del la inserción de la modernidad, pero, aunque el pueblo con hambre esta ahí, la población es ignorada y si  es sacada a la luz, es simplemente para mostrarla como una “curiosa peculiaridad, algo jocoso y divertido, producto de la estupidez humana”.  “Tristes grupos de casuchas que parecen depositadas in situ por un huracán o alguna otra calamidad”   &lt;br /&gt;El hecho de que la población es pobre, no descansa solamente en la responsabilidad del individuo, sino en la del estado y la carencia de políticas dirigidas al desarrollo del individuo. “(Archie todavía vive y, cuando voy de paseo por la capital con mi pana Pedro, siempre veo su cara en los afiches políticos de algún partido radical cuya única plataforma es acabar con los apagones en la Republica Dominicana.”   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es por eso que el autor educa, porque muestra el devenir, la desgracia y las maravillas del pueblo Dominicano, y con esto produce el efecto deseado en el lector: le creemos todo. “¿Cómo anda el mundo?, le preguntaba Beli. Jodido, contestaba siempre” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para arrojar piedras &lt;br /&gt;y un tiempo para recogerlas, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para abrazarse&lt;br /&gt;y un tiempo para separarse;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los personajes en la obra son Dominicanos pobres, es decir, pertenecen a la clase subordinada socio-económicamente, y por eso, no tienen el poder de decidir sobre ellos mismos: El principio del capital, es decir, ¡el dinero es poder, el poder es toma de decisiones!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Los personajes principales en la obra argumentan su versión de los hechos, el porqué son como son, y porqué ocurre lo que ocurre, y sobre ellas la voz del  personaje de Junot es la que más pesa entre todas las otras;  este personaje dirige la narración. El personaje de Junot, funciona en alternancia con los demás personajes principales funcionando como narrador en segunda persona.  Veamos un ejemplo: &lt;br /&gt; “Mientras terminaba el libro, puse un mensaje sobre el fukú en la red, en el foro público de la DRi, solo por curiosidad” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Lo cuenta todo a través de sus recuerdos, haciendo énfasis en hechos históricos que son cien por ciento verídicos. La novela avanza rápidamente. Abarcando el tiempo que va desde mediados de la Tiranía Trujillísta, cerca de 1940, hasta comienzos de los 1900. El tiempo, por supuesto, no podría ser lineal. Creo que si lo fuera, la novela seria un poco aburrida. El tiempo está cortado en pedazos, estilo Jack el destripador. De a momentos podemos ver como empieza el narrador a contar la vida de un personaje y de repente, otro y otro. Coge y jala la soga del suspenso, para mantener al lector atado a ella. Técnica bastante efectiva, incluso, yo misma me encontré contenta al saber que Oscar finalmente había puesto fin a su vida. Que Lola ya se había emparejado en Miami, que Junot, al fin era el profesor de literatura que quería ser, a sabiendas de que sus escritos no valían la pena porque estaban llenos de gangsters, prostitutas, armas y sangre. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El  contenido esta organizado en base a la vida del Personaje Oscar. El autor, inicia desde la infancia en New York, el nudo o clímax es cuando Oscar regresa a Santo Domingo ya adulto, para “reencontrarse consigo mismo y sus raíces” y el desenlace es la vuelta de Oscar al país, ultimo viaje y su asesinato en los cañaverales. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No podemos ignorar el hecho de que el contenido no solo esta basado en la vida de Oscar, también esta sostenido por la historia de la familia comenzando con el Abuelo de Oscar a mediados de la época de Trujillo, terminando luego de su muerte; con la presentación en el último capítulo de la hija de Lola, Iris; a comienzos de 1990. &lt;br /&gt;La novela esta estructurada concéntricamente. En el centro esta el “Fukú” y las relaciones sexuales. Por un lado, El “Fukú”, maldición que pasa de una generación a otra deliberadamente, influye en todos y cada uno de los planos en el tiempo. Por el otro, los efectos de las relaciones sexuales de los personajes así como el efecto del abstenerse de ellas,  absorbe el lector; sin tanto sufrimiento debido al aspecto humorístico de la obra. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ausencia= deseo = miseria= presencia= deseo= caos= Ausencia…. Y así una y otra vez... “El Fukú”, en tres generaciones en la Familia de Oscar. Por estas repeticiones de ausencia, deseo, miseria, presencia del deseo, caos y ausencia de deseo, es que  a momentos, en la novela, nos olvidamos del personaje de Oscar. La historia de Óscar pierde importancia ante las de sus parientes &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para buscar&lt;br /&gt;y un tiempo para perder, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para guardar y un tiempo para tirar;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para el entendimiento de la organización formal, de donde venimos hacia donde vamos. Observemos las siguientes observaciones de la obra por capítulo:&lt;br /&gt;I. El nerd del guetto en el fin del mundo (1974-1987): Oscar (quien es hermano de Lola, hijo de Beli) .&lt;br /&gt;“Súmese a este personaje una sed no satisfecha de sexo femenino que podría ser normal en la adolescencia pero que ya mostraba desde niño gracias a su entorno familiar, donde se le exigía la natural destreza dominicana en el machismo que reditúa todo aquello que el joven Oscar quería para él” &lt;br /&gt;• La niñez, hijo de madre soltera, afán de lectura y de niñas. Pérdida de su apariencia física agradable por el aumento de peso.&lt;br /&gt;“Fue una verdadera época de oro para Oscar, que alcanzo su apoteosis en el otoño de su séptimo año, cuando tuvo dos noviecitas a la vez, su primer y único menage a la trois. Con Maritza y Olga Polanco”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Años después, cuando él y Olga se habían convertido en unos monstruos gordos, Oscar a veces no podía reprimir la sensación de culpabilidad cuando la veía cruzar la calle a zancadas, o con la mirada en blanco, cerca de la parada de la guagua en Nueva York.” &lt;br /&gt;• Adolescencia difícil, es un “nerd” inseguro de si mismo…Sin mujeres y sumamente gordo. Su tío Rulfo diciéndole: “Escúchame, palomo, coge una muchacha y méteselo ya. Eso lo resuelve todo. Comienza con una fea…” &lt;br /&gt; “Durante los años siguientes, engordo más y más. La adolescencia temprana lo golpeo con saña, distorsionándole la cara de tal manera que no quedaba nada que se pudiera llamar lindo.” &lt;br /&gt;• La entrada a la Universidad de Rutgers. Entendido como fracaso humano, por el hecho de no poder satisfacer sus necesidades sexuales. &lt;br /&gt;“En septiembre se fue a Rutgers New Brunswick, su mamá le dio cien dólares y su primer beso en cinco años, su tío le regaló una caja de condones” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Rutgers siempre había sido un lugar enloquecido, pero ese otoño parecía estar de remate. En octubre, un grupo de muchachas de primer año a las que conocía de Livingstone, fueron arrestadas por vender perico, cuatro de las gorditas más calladitas del lugar. Como dice el dicho: el que no corre, vuela.” &lt;br /&gt;• Wilwood (1982-1985): Lola (hermana de Oscar, hija de Beli) presentación de la vida de Lola. &lt;br /&gt;a. La ausencia de niñez. Al ser hija de madre soltera pobre, asume responsabilidades que no son de una niña, además de ser violada por un vecino. &lt;br /&gt; “Y cuando estaba despierta parecía que lo único que hacia era gritar y golpear niños. De niños, Oscar y yo le teníamos más miedo a mi mamá que a la oscuridad, o al cuco”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Yo era fea, no valía nada, era una idiota. Desde los dos hasta los trece años, y porque  le creí, porque le creí, fui la hija perfecta.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Cuando me sucedió lo que me sucedió a los ocho años, y por fin le conté lo que el me había hecho, me dijo que me callara y que dejara de llorar, así lo hice: cerré la boca y las piernas, y también la mente,, y al año no podía haber dicho como era ese vecino, o como se llamaba.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Ese fue el momento en que trató de pegarme, y cuando yo le dí a ella, retiro la mano como si yo fuera  fuego.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b. Adolescencia difícil, intentando escapar de su madre abusiva, mudándose en casa de su novio y luego, enviada por su madre a República Dominicana, donde practica relaciones sexuales por dinero.  Opta por vivir difíciles situaciones que desembocan en el fracaso del ideal de su madre el “sueño de la mujer seria en el matrimonio”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “cuando llegó noviembre yo me sentía acabada. Me sentaba con Aldo y su padre hediondo a ver las viejas series de TV, las que veíamos mi hermano y yo de niños” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Y así fue como vine a parar a Santo Domingo. Pienso que mi mamá calculó que me sería más difícil escapar de una isla donde no conocía a nadie, y de cierta manera, tuvo razón. Ya llevo seis meses aquí… &lt;br /&gt;•  Los tres desengaños de Belicia Cabral (1955-1962): (madre de Oscar y Beli, hija de Abelard)&lt;br /&gt;a. Huérfana, es traspasada de familia en familia, hasta ser vendida a una familia abusiva en Azua, en donde es rescatada por La Inca, su tía quien encuentra la niña quemada, encerrada en un gallinero…&lt;br /&gt; “Ya en la época de nuestra narración Beli no podía soportar el trabajo de la panadería o ser la hija de una de las mujeres “mas respetadas de Baní””.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b.  Adolescencia arruinada desde su expulsión del colegio al ser atrapada in fraganti teniendo relaciones sexuales, con un compañero de curso.&lt;br /&gt;“En las mentes de los vecinos de Beli, esa prieta comparona al fin había encontrado su verdadera posición en la vida… de cuero” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c. Adultez, de novia del Gangster y del izquierdista. Casi muriendo en manos de la hermana de Trujillo “La Fea”, esposa del Gangster, por estar embarazada de su esposo. Huyendo a New York, intentando escapar de la muerte.   &lt;br /&gt;“Ella no era una maldita ciguapa, con los pies apuntándola revés, hacia el pasado. Sus pies apuntaban hacia delante, le recordaba una y otra vez a la Inca. Apuntaban al futuro”.  &lt;br /&gt;• La educación sentimental (1988-1992) El mismo Junot, y su fracaso amoroso con Lola, su fracaso como ser humano, hasta el punto que decide reciclarse a sí mismo. Prácticamente transcurre todo en Patterson, La Universidad.  (Enamorado de alguien, Lola, que de niña quería ser Ellen Keller…nunca podría funcionar ).&lt;br /&gt;• Pobre Abelard (1944-1946) la historia de Abelard, su esposa he hijas. La muerte de toda  la familia, menos de Beli, por no servir a los deseos del dictador Trujillo. Abelard elije no presentarse en las fiestas con su esposa e hijas, por temor a que Trujillo se interesara en una de ellas. Esta es su sentencia de muerte, y también la sentencia de muerte de su esposa he hijas.&lt;br /&gt;“Luis Cabral era el abuelo de Oscar y Lola, un cirujano que había estudiado en la Ciudad México en los años de Lázaro Cárdenas y a mediados de los cuarenta, antes de que ninguno de nosotros hubiera nacido, un hombre de apreciable reputación en La Vega. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “En la vega, donde la familia había vivido desde 1791…” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“… A partir de 1944, en lugar de llevar a su esposa e hijas a los eventos de El Jefe, según dictaba la costumbre, Abelard comenzó a dejarlas en casa de modo reiterado.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Un buen día eras un ciudadano respetuoso de la ley, machacando maní en tu galería, y al día siguiente estabas en La Cuarenta, donde te machacaban los guebos.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•  La Tierra de los Perdidos (1992-1995) Oscar regresa a Santo Domingo de vacaciones a casa de La Inca. Allí conoce a Ybon, una vecina quien es prostituta y se enamora de ella. Ybon, tiene de novio a un militar, quien por los celos, amenaza a Oscar de muerte.  Luego de una golpiza propinada por el militar Oscar regresa a New York. &lt;br /&gt;•  El viaje final: Oscar regresa a Santo Domingo, donde es asesinado por el Capitán. &lt;br /&gt;•  EL fin del cuento: el desenlace de las vidas de los personajes principales.  La Inca regresa a Baní luego de la muerte de Oscar, Beli muere de Cáncer. Lola embarazada espera a casarse en Miami, Junot, detrás de las drogas y las mujeres durante diez años y luego convertido profesor universitario y esposo. &lt;br /&gt;• La carta final: que demuestra que Oscar no murió virgen. &lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para rasgar y un tiempo para coser, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo para callar y un tiempo para hablar; &lt;br /&gt;Los personajes en la obra podrían simbolizar varias cosas. &lt;br /&gt;1. La muerte del Dominicano que esta ausente.&lt;br /&gt;2. La pérdida de la conexión con la isla.&lt;br /&gt;3. El nacimiento de la diáspora. El amante ausente. (El que ama al país, pero no esta en él) El eterno luto por la pérdida. (El que se fue, pero no puede volver).&lt;br /&gt;El presente es… El pasado fue… El futuro será… &lt;br /&gt;“la sensación  que me dice que todo en mi vida esta a punto de cambiar. Ha vuelto. Apenas el otro día, me desperté con todos estos sueños y  allí estaba, latiendo dentro de mi.” &lt;br /&gt;¿Cómo olvidar un pasado lleno de miseria, o de dicha? De eso se trata TODO en la novela. La terrible nostalgia. El recuerdo que quedó. El eterno dolor. El deseo para siempre latente de estar en otro lugar. Por siempre. Casarse con el pasado.&lt;br /&gt;“Lo único que cambio durante esos años fueron los modelos de carros, el tamaño del culo de Maritza y el tipo de música que dejaban oír las bocinas de los carros: primero Freestyle, luego hip-hop de la época de Ill-Will y ya al final solo por un tiempito, Héctor Lavoe y los muchachos.”  &lt;br /&gt;El tratamiento del tiempo es conmovedor, el autor apuesta por el sentimentalismo del lector, ya que, como se cuenta desde un presente mirando hacia el pasado, se asume que todo es un recuerdo. «La memoria es el perro más estúpido, le lanzas un palo y te trae cualquier cosa»  Y los recuerdos siempre son selectivos. ¿Cómo negar el tiempo en la obra de Junot, cuando en ésta se hace abierta referencia a lo que es la producción física de recuerdos? Llámese cartas, fotos, llamadas telefónicas, etc. Aquellos utensilios que ayudan a cualquier hombre o mujer, a no olvidarse de su pasado.&lt;br /&gt;El momento presente, en los personajes, es decir, lo que esta sucediendo en ellos determina el pasado de la novela, en suma, la misma narración, capitulo tras capitulo. Cito:&lt;br /&gt;“(…) nunca recuperaremos una imagen estática del pasado porque nuestro presente siempre determinará la forma que damos a los sucesos del tiempo que ya pasó”  &lt;br /&gt;En el transfondo, por supuesto, desde Colón hasta nuestros días, la novela arrastra la historia del Dominicano; nuestra historia cultural, porqué somos como somos hoy en día. Porqué el Dominicano es como es, porque la diáspora existe…y esto es mucho más interesante que lo que hemos estado escuchando desde siempre, es decir, aquello que esta en los libros que se repite hasta la verborrea en los colegios y en las universidades, pero que el Dominicano promedio no siente ni entiende: no es su historia. “No se de historia, no estaba allí”, eso paso en “en la época de mis padres”  es la respuesta-salida mas fácil.  No es que no sea verdad, pero la historia que se conoce es la historia de la clase alta de la sociedad que lo ve  todo como si fuera desde un faro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A si, hay viene un barco… (Pero no esta en el barco) mira esas  casuchas que esta en la montaña, que luce así y así (pero nunca a vivido en una de ellas) etc. &lt;br /&gt;La misma historia que la novela muestra  se borra en el tiempo por la soledad.  “Y en el ocaso de su fuerza menguante se abrió una soledad tan completa que estaba más allá de la muerte, una soledad que borraba toda memoria, la soledad de una infancia en que ni siquiera tuvo su propio nombre” &lt;br /&gt;“New Jersey: el deseo inextinguible de estar siempre en otro lugar” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Observando la novela en sentido global, por todo cuanto dicho anteriormente,  podríamos hacernos preguntas que respondieran el papel del tiempo en ella.  &lt;br /&gt;• ¿Cuál es el pasado? El pasado es República Dominicana.&lt;br /&gt;• ¿Cuál es el futuro? El futuro es Estados Unidos.&lt;br /&gt;• ¿Qué pasa con los que se quedan en República Dominicana? Que viven en el pasado.&lt;br /&gt;• ¿Qué pasa con los que se van de Republica dominicana? Que viven en el pasado.&lt;br /&gt;• ¿Qué pasará con las futuras generaciones en Estados Unidos? Que no recordaran a República Dominicana.&lt;br /&gt;• ¿Qué pasará con las futuras generaciones en República Dominicana? que seguirán anhelando irse a los Estados Unidos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tiempo para amar y un tiempo para odiar, &lt;br /&gt;un tiempo de guerra&lt;br /&gt;y un tiempo de paz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todo lo que ERA se olvida en el tiempo. La novela de Junot explica eso y más.  “Se entrego a la amnesia que es tan común en las islas, cinco partes negación, cinco partes alucinación negativa.”  Un circulo vicioso que una y otra vez se repite. “Dicen que primero vino de África, en los gritos de los esclavos; que fue la perdición de los taínos, apenas un susurro mientras un mundo se extinguía y otro despuntaba”… En conclusión, como dice la misma novela “y Manhattan, antes de desaparecer de nuestro Universo, contesta: ¿Al final? Nada termina, Adrián. Nada nunca termina”. “  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eclesiastés 3:1.&lt;br /&gt;  p.40 La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao.&lt;br /&gt;  Las Variedades del Español en Nueva York,  José del Valle.&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés 3:2&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés 3:3&lt;br /&gt;  Metodología de la Investigación, p. 59&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés 3:4&lt;br /&gt;  “Genette, tras estudiar Letras, fue alumno de la Escuela Normal Superior y agregado de letras. Ya en 1967, fue nombrado profesor de Literatura francesa en la Sorbona. Más tarde, Genette ha sido director de estudios de la Escuela Práctica de Altos Estudios, siempre en París. Es codirector de la revista Poétique, que fundó, y de la colección de ese mismo nombre, esas publicaciones que tanto han hecho por renovar de raíz la crítica literaria.” http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette &lt;br /&gt;  (1987, Vol. II: 156).&lt;br /&gt;  La Narratología Audiovisual como Método de Análisis,  Efrén Cuevas Álvarez.&lt;br /&gt;  Introducción a la Teoría de Genette, Ernst Rudin.&lt;br /&gt;  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/books/review/Scott-t.html?_r=1&amp;pagewanted=2&lt;br /&gt;  Wikipedia&lt;br /&gt;  Escritor estadounidense, cuyas obras vitalistas, anarcoides y eróticas desencadenaron grandes polémicas y censuras, pero que a la vez sirvieron para que, a partir de él, el sexo se tratará en la literatura con más normalidad. http://www.epdlp.com/escritor.php?id=2044 &lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao.P. 222&lt;br /&gt;   Cincuenta y ocho artículos sobre narrativa contemporánea,  Ray Loriga, Tokio ya no nos quiere.  Plaza y Janés, 1999; Mar Langa Pizarro.&lt;br /&gt; http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:bgnREzfRhNEJ:www.ojosdepapel.com/show_article.asp%3Farticle_id%3D2292+Joseph+Conrad&amp;cd=8&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=do&amp;client=firefox-a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P. 151&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  P.  128&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P. 128&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés 3:5&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. p.20&lt;br /&gt;  http://agreda.blogspot.com/2008/06/la-maravillosa-vida-breve-de-scar-wao.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Eclesiastes 3:6&lt;br /&gt;  The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Junot Diaz Faber and Faber, Londres 2008. &lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P27.&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. p.29&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. p.38&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. p31&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. p.64&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. 210&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P. 70 &lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 72&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 72&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 75&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 81&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 86&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 95&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 143&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 97&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 225&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 225&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 230&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 240&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés 3:7&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 88&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P.33&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Tokio Ya No Nos Quiere. Ray Loriga,  (p. 56).&lt;br /&gt;  Concepto del Tiempo, Según Diferentes Culturas; Dr. Antonio Dubravcic Luksic&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P.16&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 163&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 94&lt;br /&gt; Este esquema es basado en el análisis Espacio y tiempo como base para una lectura socio crítica de «Gracias por el fuego» de Mario Benedetti de Jacques Soubeyroux&lt;br /&gt;  Eclesiastés, 3:8&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P 272&lt;br /&gt;  La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao. P.15&lt;br /&gt; La breve y Maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao.  P.341&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-4363872012498283252?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/4363872012498283252/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=4363872012498283252' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4363872012498283252'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4363872012498283252'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/12/la-funcion-del-tiempo-en-la-novela-la.html' title='La función del Tiempo en la novela La Maravillosa Vida de Oscar Wao'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-3951466380422722882</id><published>2009-05-23T08:46:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-23T08:46:35.798-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/ShgaUR82kwI/AAAAAAAADXA/pAnGk4k_NWM/s1600-h/s770290014_6800923_1309581.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; 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	mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	text-indent:-.25in;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0in;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0in;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The first impression that I had when I started to read the novel was that I will see themes in it related with the society and how it is organized. As a result, I was hoping to see themes akin to the typical nuclear family, critics to institutions like the university and a superficial view of themes related with industry and workplace; in sum, the system. However, going through it, laughing of all kind of digested thoughts about conventional and not conventional topics I discovered a digested “Nice Work” of school of thoughts and a comic explanation about how the society as a system is organized. Certainly David lodge’s work of fiction make this possible by constructing characters that occupy roles that reflected ideological contradictions with the system itself and with their own life’s. As a result, I saw the relationship between the character and how the society as a system functions regarding sexuality. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The plot of the book describes the relationship developed between Robyn Penrose and Vic Wilcox.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;On one hand Robyn is described trough the book by her function as a feminist and a temporary professor in English Literature at the University of Rummidge. She is an autonomous woman, middle class, married, and no children’s that advocates for freedom. On the other hand, Victor is described by his role as the head his family and as the manager of an engineering firm. He is conventional, high middle class, married, three children and he advocates for capitalism.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Robyn Penrose and Vic Wilcox meet because the 1986 (time in the novel) was designed “industry Year” by the government and Robyn accepts, through the university (Phillip swallow) to be “the shadow”.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As a consequence, they meet. Later, they ended having an affair that did not last long. Both characters are described by comparison and contrast. They have two complete opposites’ ideologies and as a result of their philosophy they have two complete different lifestyles.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;They are the complete opposite. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Robyn is angry because she cannot control her situation in the University and the policies of the government. She being years and years studding in order to be a successful professor, but she only could found a temporary job that will end soon (at the end with the Australian money everything changes).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Before she became the shadow of Vic, she was centered in not being an object of sexual attention, to have “&lt;i style=""&gt;ideology and vanity equally satisfied&lt;/i&gt;” and to maintain the fragile long-distance relationship with her husband “&lt;i style=""&gt;she was too honest to deceive him and too prudent to exchange him for a lover whose interest probably not last very long&lt;/i&gt;” the relationship with her boyfriend, who is a university professor,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;is &lt;i style=""&gt;“domesticated, familiar, faithful&lt;/i&gt;” , they are like friends&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“&lt;i style=""&gt;they fulfilled a mutual need&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;that meet sometimes to have sexual intercourse “&lt;i style=""&gt;sexual pleasure without strings&lt;/i&gt;”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Victor is terribly bored with his existence (that is why he cannot wait to be in his car, that represents freedom, jazz soul &lt;i style=""&gt;“a kind of musical masturbation&lt;/i&gt;”), he wants to go out of the monotony of his life but he don’t know how.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;He wake up and ask who he is “&lt;i style=""&gt;who am I&lt;/i&gt;” and lather he respond to himself “&lt;i style=""&gt;someone has to earn a living in this family&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;All what he do is just fulfill the expectations of&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;his family and he work and work just not to think in the meaning of his own existence, he is oppressed by conventionalisms and clichés .&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Ironically, he represents the liberal capitalism &lt;i style=""&gt;“that’s costs time and time is money”. &lt;/i&gt;Perhaps that is why he has an aggressive manner (not because of his short stature). Victor’s relationship with his wife Marjorie (a housekeeper who read “Enjoy Your Menopause” and has a valium before go to bed) is as conventional as it could be; he is just the provider of the house.&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The two major protagonists are bored of their lives.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;They have the necessity of fulfill their selves with something that is missing: desire. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Everything is ok with their lives (even though she is going to lose her job and he is having a bad time in the industry) the monotony of the everyday life is terrible, they are alone and unsatisfied. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;“Nice things (are) nicer than nasty things’; and only the individual can decide what is nice and what is nasty for him”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The characters in the novel reflect how the modern society is constructed based in ideological contradictions inherent in their own situation that not always have relationship with the individual who play the role, because they are situations and feelings that cannot always be in the right side of rational things.&lt;i style=""&gt; “A fictional character has more commission than to be merely “alive”. He is also an apparatus, a mechanism; a device planned by his maker to help power the complete operation of the novel upon the reader”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Victor Wilcox and Robyn Penrose “fall in love” and this functioned as a mechanism that turn on the apparatus of their actions. Ironically, both function as machines of their must deep desire, sex. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;“In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the novel was the literary genre above all others to which readers turned for the representation of sexuality”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;still today readers feel fascination with novels that contain themes related with sexuality.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The fist motive of introducing sexuality to help to do the fiction interesting and exiting “&lt;i style=""&gt;To include sexuality became a mark of social progressiveness and artistic innovation, dual aims evident in modernist and postmodernist novels”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; readers what wanted to read about novels with characters that connected their actions with sexuality and themes related with gay, lesbians, empty marriages, women as an object etc. The second reason is related with sexuality and its power &lt;i style=""&gt;“Because sexuality is so highly regulated in any given society (whether politically liberal or repressive). It has the power to offend, to attract, to promise or withhold knowledge, to active judgmental forces. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The third&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;reason is related with the plot of the story. &lt;i style=""&gt;“Sexuality in literature can offer eroticized aesthetic pleasure; it is also problematized critically by the inclusion of social considerations of the status of women”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Minor characters: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The Minor characters are used to create comic situations as well as to exemplify the main characters psychology (action/reaction). In addition, analyzing them and their relationship with the main characters we can understand the sense of irony.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Examples:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;a.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Raymond (the oldest son of Vic who dropped out of the university and is just worried about parting and playing the electric guitar). Vic said to Majorie that she should wake him up. She responded that he needs to sleep in order to grow.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;He respond that the only that he is growing is a “beer belly”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;b.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Marjorie: (Vic wife) she buy things ahead of time in order to have presents ready for the holydays but when the time comes she forget that she&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;have it. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;c.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Sandra: (Vic’s daughter) Sandra has been going out with a friend that Vic does not like him and he is worried that they are having sex.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;d.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Tracey’s (seventeen year old daughter of Vic secretary): The secretary entered to the office and show to Vic a port folio of her daughter exhibiting her breast.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;e.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;Basil (Robyn’s brother, successful business man). He went to visit Robyn. He was companied by a girl. Robyn thinks she is an anorexic. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The industry: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;The characters in the novel reflects the huge change that the system have&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;regarding the development of the industry, and how the machine have being changing the society &lt;i style=""&gt;“The changes associated with the Industrial revolution, especially, the proliferation of the steam engine and other technological contrivances, made the machine as powerful metaphor for the nineteenth century ”&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. In one hand,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Victor Wilcox in the company not only pay attention how economy is developing (by visiting other companies and having managing meetings) he is also aware that his business depend on how machines in the workplace work (time) and is that through machines that he can improve the production. In the other hand,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Robyn Penrose is aware the&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;inequalities in the factory is based in the type of machinery that is used to produce the goods, the worse machines are assigned to Caribbean and Asian immigrants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportEndnotes]--&gt;   &lt;hr size="1" width="33%" align="left"&gt;  &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn1"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ( p. 256 ) Language of fiction. Lodge, David. London: Routledge and Kengal Paul, New York: Columbia University Press 1966&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn2"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (p. 17) A Guide to the Novel. M. Eastman, Richard. Chandler Publishing Company. Scranton, Pennsylvania. 1965&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn3"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (99)The Practice of Writing. Lodge, David. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. USA 1996&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn4"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; इक्स&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn5"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 24&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn6"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ix &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn7"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6415203724459731266#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;"  &gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (p. 3) Mechanism and the novel, &lt;i style=""&gt;Science in the narrative process. &lt;/i&gt;A. Turner, Martha. Cambridge University Press 1993.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8225637103866450609?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8225637103866450609/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8225637103866450609' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8225637103866450609'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8225637103866450609'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/writing-about-nice-work-david-lodges.html' title='Writing about “Nice Work” David Lodge’s novel'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_153Sx7Vj9q0/SQVpThAd2LI/AAAAAAAABF8/nZwU5ggDedI/s72-c/nice_work.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-8510276828534480180</id><published>2009-05-07T04:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-07T04:58:35.226-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Women in “the Daughters of the Dust”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgLM3Rh_mGI/AAAAAAAADVw/Dfj90EDORug/s1600-h/3583.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; 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	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 200%;" align="right"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 200%;" align="right"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;I always knew I wanted to make films about African American women. To tell stories that had not been told. To show images of our lives that had not been seen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Julie Dash&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 200%;" align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;According filmmaker David Butler, during the 1990’s, a significant number of films that reflect the historical situation of women were created.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In these films, women were portrayed in a variety of situations that represented a nontraditional perspective that was revealed a different way to see women and their issues. Specifically, films about black women represented them as subjects (not objects). &lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As a result, women’s issues were taking form the margin and put in the center. Nevertheless, this was the result of the fight and the courage of many feminist activists that worked for many years to make education for women a reality and not a dream.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Through education, many women had the opportunity to develop their skills in the arts. One of these women was Julie Dash. She wanted to reveal the inner spirituality and the connection with Africa that all African American women have; as Eula said, one of the characters in &lt;i style=""&gt;Daughters of the Dust&lt;/i&gt; (1991),&lt;i style=""&gt; &lt;/i&gt;“we’re the daughters of those old dusty things Na na carries in her tin can…” (Dash, 157), making reference to her family that were brought from Africa to live in The United States. “Black woman filmmakers wanted to make a film about African American Woman… with a strong family, with characters who weren’t living in the ghetto, killing each other and burning things down… any explicit sex scenes” (Dash, 8).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;For this reason, Dash depicts issues related with racism, sexism and power (Rauch, 1).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Dash’s Film &lt;i style=""&gt;Daughters of the dust &lt;/i&gt;is a celebration of a feminine perspective. Through beauty of women, colorful landscapes, and soundtrack&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Dash &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;“wanted to depict various religions-including traditional West African worship rituals, Santeria, Islam, Catholicism, and Baptist beliefs-through musical expression” (Dash, 16).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Scenes where dialogue is not always required due to communication is constructed by the irradiation of poetry, Dash creates a lucid space were stereotypes about women are destroyed. Additionally, women in this film surveyed spiritual positions that affect events of the life and vice versa.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;To develop these themes, I will focus the following discussion in film as an artistic production, the position of the women in the film, the spiritual component, and the relationship portrayed between female and male characters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Daughters of the Dust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt; (Drama, Color, 112 minutes) is the second film on a series of films on black women created by Dash (Rauch, 192). &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;This film does not represent the Hollywood formula, A → B, because it develops in a more traditionally story-telling. When she was trying to raise funds to produce the film, many people told her that was the manuscript was too radical. Perhaps it is, because the film as a micro production is related with macro Black sexual politics: “black sexual politics consist of a set of ideas and social practices chaped by gender, race and sexuality that frame men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how Americans are perceived and treated by others” (Collins, 7).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The production shows the experience of black American woman who were descendents of African slaves during the 1920s, a very chaotic time in USA history. “Enslaved Africans who were owned, treated, and sold as part of capitalist marketplace relations were clearly exploited” (Hill Collins, 55). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;“In Julie Dash’s &lt;i style=""&gt;Daughters of the Dust&lt;/i&gt; (1991), womanism is again dramatized in a female-centered narrative with a pan-African heritage” (Reid. 120). This perspective allows us to understand the story of a family that did not lose their African roots even though they were oppressed.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;“”Daughters” explores a family of Gullah women who celebrate their African heritage” (Reid. 120).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The film is an effort to preserve the possibilities of redemption for Black American Women who were, and still are treated with inequality. As Bell Hooks (105) said “our savior is our true Mother in whom we are endlessly born and out of whom we shall never come”.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;In the film, the possibility of redemption is offered to the women in the Peazant family. One possibility is revealed through symbolism. As an illustration, we can take the opening scene were Na na blows dust from her hands; &lt;i style=""&gt;from the dust we came to the dust we shall return?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Another illustration of symbolism in the film is the scene when “Trula finds an old rotting umbrella that has been washed ashore” (Dash, 127).&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;The ocean is not just water; the ocean represents the possibility of change, as a result of new events that cannot be controlled by woman but can enrich their lives. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;The other possibility of redemption for the women in the Peazant family, that live on islands near Georgia and South Carolina, is to immigrate to the main land (to the city) - “Black population of the United States was redefining itself though various migrations” (Massood, 8); by emigrating women in the family, they have the possibility of becoming professionals, sophisticated (in the language and dress) and to find religious salvation.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;However, this change can produce the loss of cultural heritage and the risk of disadvantaged situations for those who are immigrating. Each member of the Peazant family knows that the family will be a part of the Diaspora and that’s the reason why they decided to do a family meeting (2 days) to commemorate the moment. Da Ddy Mac in the scene of the picnic said, “We’re here today to show our respect to our family elders and to celebrate our family’s crossing to the mainland” (Dash, 139). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;This situation creates physiological, emotional, and spiritual tension in the woman of the Peazant family. Since the beginning of the film, the critical spectator discovers that the problems of the woman in the family are originated because there is a conflicting situation. In the first scene of the movie, we heard a female voice that said: “I am the first and the last” (Dash, 75). This is the voice of the Un Born Child (time in the film 00:06.43) explaining the circumstances in which she came to the world - “I remember how important the children were to the Peazant family…” (Dash, 124).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Un Born Child, who is represented by a child girl, is the spirit of the daughter that Eula, who is pregnant, will concept.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As an astral traveler, the Un Born Child can travel to the past, to the present, and to the future (possibly to be in two places at the same time) trying to guide the family.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In one scene on the beach, she said “I was traveling on a spiritual mission, but sometimes I would get distracted” (Dash, 134). Through her we discover the circumstances and attitudes of the others personages. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;First is Na na Peazant, who is the great-grandmother. She is introduced in the projection (00:15.14) resembling a strong woman (the fighter) that wants to inculcate in the new generation’s spiritual beliefs. In the scene when Eli (Eula’s husband) is terribly angry and frustrated and is losing his faith, she said to him, “Eli, never forget who we are, and how far we’ve come” (Dash, 96), and later making reference to the spirit of their African Ancestors she said, “Sometimes I dream them. But we carry these memories inside of us” (Dash, 96). Another scene that describes her as a character (the representation of sisterhood) is the one on the beach that she said to Yellow Marry , “ruined,” because she became a prostitute after she was raped and ignored by to fact for the family, “I love you’ cause you’re mine (sobbing) you’re the fruit of an ancient tree.” (Dash, 154) Na na does not judge her; she knows that women are abused, to no fault of their own. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Yellow Mary is a distinct character in the film.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;She uses a different costume and make up (in comparison with the others woman in the film that ware while simple clothing).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As I mentioned before, she was raped (sexual abuse is a legacy from the slavery part of unspoken history), in the scene where she is in the tree (00”41 47) her Cousin said, “What kind of woman is she? Yellow Mary’s no family woman, she’s a scary kind of woman” (Dash 123) She has been judged as if it was her fault, but she overcame the sexual abuse; in an scene playing with the Chinese umbrella she said to Eula, who feels sincere compassion for her, “I put all those bad memories in that case and I locked them there… nobody outside that case tell me who I am or how should feel about me” (Dash 143).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Another distinct character is Viola. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;She represents Christian traditions that simply do not fit with the American experience.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;During the film, she criticizes African beliefs and spiritual non-Christian rituals. In the picnic, speaking with Mr. Snead (the daguerreotypist), she said talking about her family, “Oh, they spoil their children with dreams, wishes, magic…” (Dash, 136) and later, “They believe everything is caused by conjure, magic or their ancestors. They leave nothing to god.”(Dash, 149).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;In regard to the relationship portrayed between female and male characters, we can observe that male characters are affected by sexism, racism and power.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;An example of this is how Eli suffers and wants to revenge his wife’s rape. During the picnic, he said to his cousin: “I ain’t got no more dreams, cousin” (Dash, 132).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Therefore, he appears walking on the water to encounter the figurehead.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;By walking on the water he represents an African American myth: “the legend of Ibo Landing” (01:14.07), a deep desire of slaves to go back to Africa by walking on the ocean. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;In conclusion, for black woman filmmakers making movies has always been a challenge, especially when it comes to non-traditional films that reflect criticisms of the society as a whole. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;“Julie Dash (…) established cinematic strategies that used female-centered narratives that articulated a black womanist vision” (reserve). &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Daughters of the Dust&lt;/i&gt; is the feminine vision of different women that not only is affected by events but also, have the power to make decisions. Dash, by creating an artistic production based in a “different image” of women, rescued an important fountain of spiritual roots part of the African American heritage. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Bibliography&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Black sexual politics. Hill Collins, Patricia. Routledge New York &amp;amp; London. 2005.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;A feminine Cinematics, women and film. Irigaray, luce.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Ed. Bainbridge, Caroline. Reader in Visual Culture, Roehampton University, London, UK. 2008. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Screenplays of the African American Experience. Rauch Klotman, Phyllis. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Redefining Black Film. A. Reid, Mark. University of California Press. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London. 1993. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Feminism is for everybody. Hooks, Bell. South End Press. Cambridge, MA. 2000.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Daughters of the Dust. Dash, Julie. The New Press. New York City. 1992. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Black Female-Centered Film (electronic reserve)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Black City Cinema. J. Massood, Paula. Temple University Press. Philadelphia. 2003.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8510276828534480180?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8510276828534480180/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8510276828534480180' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8510276828534480180'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8510276828534480180'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/women-in-daughters-of-dust.html' title='Women in “the Daughters of the Dust”'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgLM3Rh_mGI/AAAAAAAADVw/Dfj90EDORug/s72-c/3583.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-1673009675889692535</id><published>2009-05-06T00:28:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T00:30:43.276-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cinco de Mayo</title><content type='html'>I had been seeing all around Columbia during the last couple of week’s advertisements about sinco de Mayo. In the USA sinco de Mayo is a festivity of culture and traditions of Americans who have Mexican ancestors.  Today is May 5th, and while I am writing this paper there are hundreds of people all around USA that are celebrating and having a great time.  Hundreds of Chicanos are celebrating with folkloric ballet, mariachi, tacos and tequila. Even though this is a real celebration, we cannot ignore that for many years people who were identified as Mexican American were considered less Americans and were exploited, and nowadays the exploitation continues to be a reality. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gloria Andaluza, as many other Mexican American writers, is worried about this terrible reality. In her books not only we can appreciate the richness and the culture developed by immigrants but also a strong critique to sexism and racism. In addition, she studied English language and all the variations that developed as a result of the connection with Spanish Language. For this reason, she is present as a writer in the Norton Anthology of American Literature, and for the same reason I consider that she should be part o the syllabus in the Introduction to American Literature course. In addition, the text “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” presented in the Norton Anthology should be discussed in class because it discusses the “linguistic terrorism”, the “Chicano Spanish” and her experience of being a Chicana (Chicano woman). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fist of the important themes that should be discussed is, “Linguistic terrorism” is a term described in the text “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” that explains  how numerous people regret the Chicano Spanish because they considered to be a “linguistic nightmare” and a “linguistic aberration” ignoring completely that language is the representation of culture; that Chicano Spanish is the evolution of the English and Spanish that developed naturally and that it represents a way of living and the identification of many citizens in the USA, and this true cannot long be in the shadow . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second theme is “the Chicano Spanish” in its evolutionary process. On page 2570 Gloria Andaluza explains “Chicanos, after 250 years of Spanish/ Anglo colonization have developed significant differences in the Spanish we speak”. Certainly, the differences in pronunciation of vowels and syllabus and the use on Anglicism (words derivate form English) is the result of countless years of exchange between people who their native language was not English and who were exposed to English and disconnected of the Spanish media.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The third theme in this reading is her experience as a Chicana and her struggle to end the sexist/racist inequality. Since she was a child she experience been treated differently because she had an accent. In the school teachers toll her that if she did not get rid of her accent, she would never be able to achieve a good education.  On page 2567 she explains “At Pan American University, I, and all Chicano students were required to take two speech classes. Their purpose: to get rid of our accents”.  Later on, as an adult, she experience discrimination not only with people who were not Chicanos but also with people who were. On page 2571 using fist person she said: we are afraid of what we’ll see there (in the mirror). Pena. Shame.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  “How to Tame a Wild Tongue is a good representation of Gloria Analuza Literature works. Analyzing themes resembling “linguistic terrorism”, the “Chicano Spanish” and her experience of being a Chicana will allow MU students to understand better the reality of Mexican Americans and as a result students will be able to appreciate Mexican American culture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bibliography:&lt;br /&gt;Anzaldua, Gloria. How to Tame a Wild Tongue. Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. W.W. Norton and Company. New York, London.1979.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-1673009675889692535?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/1673009675889692535/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=1673009675889692535' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1673009675889692535'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1673009675889692535'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/cinco-de-mayo.html' title='Cinco de Mayo'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-5161564160234015312</id><published>2009-05-06T00:28:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T00:28:22.552-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A Chain-Letter Reaction (2004)/ Alison Stein Wellner</title><content type='html'>In this chapter the writer talked about her experience of rising founds. She though that if 34 million people helped with one dollar, they could rise enough money to sponsor the United Nation Population Fund that provided reproductive-health programs in more than 140 countries. She created an email campaign in witch each email asked for one dollar to support the cause. As a result, of this idea and with team work with people who were also interested she raised the money. The author demonstrates that if someone really wants to help it have to focus in a practical way to does it and be open to new possibilities, and that “it’s not just about money, but also about the message that the money is sending”(Page 599).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-5161564160234015312?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/5161564160234015312/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=5161564160234015312' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5161564160234015312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5161564160234015312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/chain-letter-reaction-2004-alison-stein.html' title='A Chain-Letter Reaction (2004)/ Alison Stein Wellner'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-859400998270033865</id><published>2009-05-06T00:27:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T00:27:53.936-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Listening to the Voices of My Spiritual Self/ Cristina Lea</title><content type='html'>In this reading the Cristina Lea express her feelings and her thoughts about her experience as an activist in a Filipino/American environmental Organization. In addition, she point out that working in order to achieve social justice the individual has to hear the internal voice. This internal voice is connected with “the spiritual practice” and it will help to know the reason to do social justice work. On page 585 she said: “my activism is actually part of my “spiritual practice” and not a distraction from it.  This point is really interesting because it demonstrate that the individual can achieve spiritual goals and at the same time help in the society.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-859400998270033865?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/859400998270033865/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=859400998270033865' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/859400998270033865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/859400998270033865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/listening-to-voices-of-my-spiritual.html' title='Listening to the Voices of My Spiritual Self/ Cristina Lea'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6214747743114423221</id><published>2009-05-01T08:38:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-01T08:38:43.230-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Black Sexual Politics/ Very Necessary</title><content type='html'>In this chapter the writer discuss the idea of black women bodies. The author mentions a Supreme Court case on page 143 and 144 related with work and the position that black woman. Hill, a black woman that worked for a white boss, accuse him trough the police of sexual arrestment. Later, when the case went to the Supreme Court was indict of mental problems. Regarding this issue Patricia Hill Collins said “Hill’s race and gender made this fabricated story plausible. Positioning hill within the controlling image of the single, frustrated, ambitious black woman, who, unlike Mammy, did not show loyalty to her boss, contributed to the perception of hill as crazy”  like in this case, many black women face the issue of not been believed just because the way that they look.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6214747743114423221?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6214747743114423221/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6214747743114423221' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6214747743114423221'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6214747743114423221'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/black-sexual-politics-very-necessary.html' title='Black Sexual Politics/ Very Necessary'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-1759533908700278250</id><published>2009-05-01T08:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-01T08:38:12.395-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Black Sexual Politics/ Booty Call</title><content type='html'>On page 152 and 153 the writer discuss the idea of black bodies. Black men bodies are linked with the idea of “buck, brute, the rapist, and similar controlling images routinely applied to African American men all worked to deny Black men the work of the mind that routinely translates into wealth and power” this idea was created in order to keep black men broke and powerless. Later the author said “once embodied, black men were being limited by their radicalized bodies”. This idea is not knew, it have been going on since slavery when in order to do the institution of slavery something acceptable, slaveholders create the image of the black men been an animal, not a human. Black men were functional because their body not their mind. We cannot ignore the history and its consequences…&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-1759533908700278250?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/1759533908700278250/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=1759533908700278250' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1759533908700278250'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1759533908700278250'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/05/black-sexual-politics-booty-call.html' title='Black Sexual Politics/ Booty Call'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-7672755060959537429</id><published>2009-04-26T08:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-26T08:26:34.119-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfR8--r-M3I/AAAAAAAADQo/IY5xsQCIaBE/s1600-h/Photo+15.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 282px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfR8--r-M3I/AAAAAAAADQo/IY5xsQCIaBE/s320/Photo+15.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329021680507302770" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfR8-uxtTGI/AAAAAAAADQg/nKhlgq7NpyU/s1600-h/Photo+1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 242px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfR8-uxtTGI/AAAAAAAADQg/nKhlgq7NpyU/s320/Photo+1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329021676236393570" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-7672755060959537429?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/7672755060959537429/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=7672755060959537429' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7672755060959537429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7672755060959537429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post_26.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfR8--r-M3I/AAAAAAAADQo/IY5xsQCIaBE/s72-c/Photo+15.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-7618973265181027251</id><published>2009-04-24T09:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:27:31.374-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfHoWmDXWbI/AAAAAAAADQM/p2y3apLltTg/s1600-h/Denisse_portrait.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 309px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfHoWmDXWbI/AAAAAAAADQM/p2y3apLltTg/s400/Denisse_portrait.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328295309025434034" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfHoWTPgxYI/AAAAAAAADQE/Ic2zO-i39F8/s1600-h/Denisse_detail.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfHoWTPgxYI/AAAAAAAADQE/Ic2zO-i39F8/s400/Denisse_detail.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328295303976109442" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-7618973265181027251?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/7618973265181027251/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=7618973265181027251' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7618973265181027251'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7618973265181027251'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SfHoWmDXWbI/AAAAAAAADQM/p2y3apLltTg/s72-c/Denisse_portrait.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-1599107469684613382</id><published>2009-04-24T09:23:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:23:35.839-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Black Sexual Politics/ Chapter 2</title><content type='html'>In this chapter Collins discuss many historical events that are linked with social politics today, on page 58, the author describes how institutionalized rape worked. She point out that rape was not the only harass on black women’s bodies because “-medical experimentation and repeated childbearing also took their toll.” Medical experimentation! Wow! I was shock when I read it, only God knows all the things that we enjoy today and were texted in black women’s bodies.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-1599107469684613382?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/1599107469684613382/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=1599107469684613382' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1599107469684613382'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1599107469684613382'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/black-sexual-politics-chapter-2.html' title='Black Sexual Politics/ Chapter 2'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-8350987441506251893</id><published>2009-04-24T09:22:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:23:09.544-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Black Sexual Politics/ Introduction</title><content type='html'>Black Sexual Politics/ Introduction&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On page 3 the writer said: “knowledge and power are deeply linked, and achieving social justice requires attending to both”. In this paragraph Collins discuss the connection between ideas and power. She claim that if someone wants to be believed it have to be in a position of power. “I learned that in some situations, gender, age, social class, and education do not matter if you are black” (page 2) I found this statement interesting because always unjust situations are based in lack of respect, and the only way to fight against is having power and knowing how to use it (not passive attitude) in order to achieve social justice.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8350987441506251893?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8350987441506251893/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8350987441506251893' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8350987441506251893'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8350987441506251893'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/black-sexual-politics-introduction.html' title='Black Sexual Politics/ Introduction'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-5523631770992719652</id><published>2009-04-24T09:22:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:22:32.371-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Moving on:”Don’t Call Me Out of Name</title><content type='html'>The welfare system is criticized in this chapter by the writer. She point out that even though welfare help welfare mother to survive –help that often is not enough- on the other hand, they push these women to poverty, reinforcing the idea that a welfare mother is “like trash” . On page 155 “’you can’t do this, you’re nothing but a welfare mother”’ which voices are those? “They’re everywhere. ‘”&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-5523631770992719652?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/5523631770992719652/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=5523631770992719652' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5523631770992719652'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5523631770992719652'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/moving-ondont-call-me-out-of-name.html' title='Moving on:”Don’t Call Me Out of Name'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6447199242977734027</id><published>2009-04-24T09:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:21:57.832-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Looses and Loathing in the Welfare Years/ Don’t Call Us Out Of Name</title><content type='html'>In this chapter the writer describes different experiences that women on welfare have. On page 140, Anne – an interviewed- explains her experience over the years working in a welfare office. She know that these women are treated wrongly and the system that decided how much money this mother are going to have sometimes is unjust, therefore, in order to help this mothers mo makes choices “I tell them when to say ‘I don’t know’ what to ask for, and how to get the mist out of it… and what does that make you? I ask Anne. She looks me in the eye when she answers, “A social Worker”. This passage is really interesting, the social worker KNOW that if these women are in her office asking for help, is because they really need it.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6447199242977734027?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6447199242977734027/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6447199242977734027' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6447199242977734027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6447199242977734027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/looses-and-loathing-in-welfare-years.html' title='Looses and Loathing in the Welfare Years/ Don’t Call Us Out Of Name'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6925358827093620183</id><published>2009-04-24T09:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:20:55.787-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Choice and motherhood in Poor America</title><content type='html'>Along this chapter the author describe many situations were lack of money make young girls live an inferno... the individual is  living incredible difficult situations without any help and regretted by society. On page 105 the author said about a woman who she interviewed  “ I hated myself so bad” . She said that because she started to drink and as a result she looses her children.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6925358827093620183?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6925358827093620183/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6925358827093620183' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6925358827093620183'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6925358827093620183'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/choice-and-motherhood-in-poor-america.html' title='Choice and motherhood in Poor America'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-4017080014537409004</id><published>2009-04-24T09:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T09:19:39.948-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Daughter’s work / Don’t Call Us Out Of Name</title><content type='html'>On page 41 the author discusses some reasons why daughters in poor families are expected to work (in and out home) because the family need money “… Lack of money. Where there are no nannies, no cars, no child-care center, no washers or dryers or dishwashers, no vacations, no house cleaners, no take out dinners, a daughter labor must substitute” all this responsibilities (also environment)  are inappropriate for a child or teenager. I believe that when a adolescent have too much work do not have enough time for reflection (discussions and themes in everyday life are too simple… lack of critical thinking exercises) lack of time to think,  lack of time to find answers that will make her to open a door for new ways of living.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-4017080014537409004?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/4017080014537409004/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=4017080014537409004' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4017080014537409004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4017080014537409004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/daughters-work-dont-call-us-out-of-name.html' title='Daughter’s work / Don’t Call Us Out Of Name'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-713719616534780016</id><published>2009-04-03T09:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-03T09:15:30.953-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Girls</title><content type='html'>In visible Bodies&lt;br /&gt;On page 253, Catherine Driscoll mentions a quotation by Matthews 1987:31 that said: “the modern female body was… different in the same way for everyone. It was young, slender, tanned, fit but not muscular, attractive but not sensual”. This quotation is particularly interesting for me, because it reflect in a clear way the ideal. The problem is that because the ideal is so specific, at the same time is too vague.  Any or none woman can be this woman.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-713719616534780016?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/713719616534780016/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=713719616534780016' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/713719616534780016'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/713719616534780016'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/girls_03.html' title='Girls'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-4042118821571954214</id><published>2009-04-03T09:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-03T09:14:46.084-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Girls</title><content type='html'>Distraction: girls and mass production:&lt;br /&gt;On page 217, Catherine Driscoll said “Mass culture industries have helped define adolescence as a functional spending frenzy in prereproductive years”. This phase is particularly interesting for me. Months ago, I had a conversation with a student while we were waiting for a class. We were talking about what we do to feel better when we are depress, she told me that whenever she feel sad, she just go shopping, and that make her feel better. As her, many women do the same. Buy without having a real necessity (consumption), something that is learned in the early years, probably adolescence period “fashion and make up as techniques of self-production”.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-4042118821571954214?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/4042118821571954214/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=4042118821571954214' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4042118821571954214'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4042118821571954214'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/girls.html' title='Girls'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-4626363373325406906</id><published>2009-04-03T06:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-03T06:57:53.404-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Frederick Douglas, Appearance vs. Reality</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SdYVyCOen5I/AAAAAAAADPc/RbKLZuxhRUc/s1600-h/douglas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 375px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SdYVyCOen5I/AAAAAAAADPc/RbKLZuxhRUc/s400/douglas.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5320463959120060306" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Certainly when I think of a slave I imagine someone that is suffering because he cannot change his condition. Clearly then, this person is someone who is not free to decide what to do with his own life because it is being controlled, someone who appears to be without the power to change his situation. No doubt, Frederick Douglas was, for many years, perceived - reality- as a miserable person because he was a slave -appearance- , however; in reality he was doing all that he could to change his condition –reality-. For this reason, I do not agree with wood’s statement that said: If one could not actually be industrious and humble (…) at least one could appear to be so  because this statement admits hypocrisy and double standards, qualities that are not related with the historical figure that he became, someone industrious and humble without the necessity to appear to be so.&lt;br /&gt;Following this further, in “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas an American Slave”, Douglas clearly states that the difference between appearance and reality was the difference between slavery or freedom, hope or fear , liberty or death . In his situation, by suffering the reality he learned to be industrious and humble, therefore, the condition that he experienced during his life made him to believe that he had the mission to fight against oppression. Undoubtedly, he was a real abolitionist, not like many others of his time that only appeared to be; and he became one by learning how the institution of slavery functioned at that time (1818-1895) and developing confidence in himself. While reading, readers are exposed to three main themes presented in the autobiography that explains Douglas’s relationship with reality of the époque and the appearance that he had. &lt;br /&gt;The fist reason is related to how he perceived the world. Douglas was born in poverty, separated from his family at a young age, grew up working as a servant, seeing slaves around him abused every day. All these hardships created a profound rejection and a negative perception of humanity.  For example, he constantly experienced how slaveholders beat black slaves. In a passage of his book he said:  “No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose” . Unquestionably, he knew very well what slavery was (hunger, whipping, rape, etc) and he wanted to destroy the platform of slavery by breaking the silence of the slaves. Yet, the only way to do it was presenting his experience in a book, revealing himself and his experience (he did not have to lie about it), resembling someone with courage and bravery, “his imposing figure, his deep-set, flashing eyes and well-formed nose, and the mass of hair crowning his head” . &lt;br /&gt;Since he was a child he was aware that only with learning (“learning without a teacher” ) how to read and write (he always felt appreciative of all the children that helped him) could he escape ignorance since “education and slavery were incompatible with each other.”   Education allowed him to fight against the institution of slavery and develop his abilities. It is easy to see that he did not have to appear, who he really was. &lt;br /&gt;The second reason deals to appearance and reality deals with him, as a writer, and the metamorphosis he experienced.  He wanted to present himself as a typical black man who matured by seeing the horrors of slavery, as he said “it was all new to me. I had never seen anything like it before.”  Therefore he organized, the Autobiography on three different levels: &lt;br /&gt;1. Before: “I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead”  &lt;br /&gt;2. During: “The more I read, the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers”  &lt;br /&gt;“I was broken in body, soul and spirit”  &lt;br /&gt;3. After (Climax) the experience with the “nigger-breaker”: &lt;br /&gt;“You have seen how a man was    made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man”  &lt;br /&gt;“The white man who expected to succeed in whipping, must also succeed in killing me”  &lt;br /&gt; “I became my own master”  &lt;br /&gt;For Instance, these three levels clearly state specific circumstances that he lived through and as a result helped him to become who he was. His life is a clear example of metamorphosis, a transformation by his own decision “Douglas is a shining symbol of liberation and an excellent example of a self-made man” . Again, he did not have to appear to have the experience, he really live it.&lt;br /&gt;The third reason is related to what he did in his adult years. “Yet, though it all Douglass Stood not just for freedom, but for intellectual and moral integrity in the articulation and pursuit for freedom” . Having the conviction that slavery was as horrific for the slave as for the slaveholder, he worked to create public policies that supported the abolition of slavery. &lt;br /&gt;Consequently, he succeeded in being perceive as he really was. In fact, considering it as a whole, allows to us see his personality. Referring to a book by Benjamin Quarles, “it is written in simple and direct prose; free of literary illusions (…) the details are always concrete”  . In summary, the author describes his experiences in the book, and the book accurately reflects the writer. What he appears to be in the book is was he really was: someone industrious and humble.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Denisse Marmolejo Hernandez&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Wood,15&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 956&lt;br /&gt;  Narrative of the life of Frederic Douglas an American slave,118&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature,944&lt;br /&gt; Narrative of the life of Frederic Douglas an American slave, viii &lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 945&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 947&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature,945&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature,949&lt;br /&gt;  Narrative of the life of Frederic Douglas an American slave,67&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 956&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature,957&lt;br /&gt;  The Norton Anthology of American Literature,961&lt;br /&gt;  Narrative of the life of Frederic Douglas an American slave, 115&lt;br /&gt;  Frederick Douglas a precursor of liberation theology, 125&lt;br /&gt;  The Oxford Frederic Douglas Reader, 17&lt;br /&gt;  Narrative of the life of Frederic Douglas an American slave ,xvii &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bibliography:&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;1. Slavery and Color. William Chambers. ed. W &amp; R Chambers. Negro University Press, New York, 1968.&lt;br /&gt;2. Narrative of the Life of Frederic Douglas an American Slave. Frederic Douglas. ed. Benjamin Quarrels. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, USA, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;3. The south: a Letter from a Friend in The North. Sherman &amp; son. Printed for the author, Philadelphia, 1856.&lt;br /&gt;4. Frederick Douglas a precursor of liberation theology. Reginald F. Davis. Mercer University Press, Georgia, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;5. The Abolitionist. Merton L. Dillon. W.W. Norton &amp; Company. New York, London. 1979.&lt;br /&gt;6.  The oxford Frederic Douglas Reader. ed. William L. Andrews. Oxford University Press. New York, London, 1996.&lt;br /&gt;7. Douglas, Frederic. Narrative of the Life of Frederic Douglas an American Slave. Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. W.W. Norton and Company. New York, London.1979.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-4626363373325406906?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/4626363373325406906/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=4626363373325406906' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4626363373325406906'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/4626363373325406906'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/04/frederick-douglas-appearance-vs-reality.html' title='Frederick Douglas, Appearance vs. Reality'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SdYVyCOen5I/AAAAAAAADPc/RbKLZuxhRUc/s72-c/douglas.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-5753508903492640166</id><published>2009-03-20T09:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T09:36:44.357-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Girls/Catherine Driscoll Chapter 1 (becoming a girl)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/ScPGBJ4ucyI/AAAAAAAADO8/TW9yHwIDxMA/s1600-h/393px-CherryRipe1879_by_John_Everett_Millais.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 262px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/ScPGBJ4ucyI/AAAAAAAADO8/TW9yHwIDxMA/s400/393px-CherryRipe1879_by_John_Everett_Millais.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315309708363330338" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On page 65 there is a paint called Cherry Ripe by John Everett Millais (1879) that is mentioned in the book on page 44 “the scholarly debate over cherry Ripe focuses on whether it is an image of girlhood as sexual object or a painterly homage to the English pastoral… Cherry Ripe suggests nostalgia for a girlhood that never was”. I been seeing paints that reflect the same message all my life but I never stop to think about it in this sense. The logic suggests that is a child but the expression (inclination of the head, make up in her eyes, mouse, and blush; the way that have her hair in the front) and the language body ( arms and hands (globs) between her legs, foot in small pink shoes) suggest that she (innocent) is interested in a man for a sexual intercourse, she is just waiting for it. I just want to say to everyone  Watch Out! . A band called Alexisonfire have an album called Watch out!, in the album they have a song called That girl possessed. I was looking the lyrics and I did the connection between Cherry Ripe and the song. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here I left the lyrics:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget that girl possessed&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget that girl possessed&lt;br /&gt;Possessed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who knew her legacy would destroy her future?&lt;br /&gt;You had such promise before your rape&lt;br /&gt;You had such promise before your rape&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Born innocent but something had to give&lt;br /&gt;Exploitation, erotica and horror&lt;br /&gt;Even a spread in Oui magazine&lt;br /&gt;And then your habit of getting caught&lt;br /&gt;What a frightful night&lt;br /&gt;Born innocent but something had to give&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't, forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You painted a picture so graphic&lt;br /&gt;That no one could see past it&lt;br /&gt;You painted a picture so graphic&lt;br /&gt;That no one could...&lt;br /&gt;They can't see past it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't, forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;We won't, we won't, we won't&lt;br /&gt;We won't, forget you&lt;br /&gt;(What a frightful night)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget that girl possessed&lt;br /&gt;We won't forget that girl possessed&lt;br /&gt;Possessed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/That-Girl-Possessed-lyrics-Alexisonfire/53BCCC6CCCE6845748256EB1000C7509&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-5753508903492640166?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/5753508903492640166/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=5753508903492640166' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5753508903492640166'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/5753508903492640166'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/girlscatherine-driscoll-chapter-1.html' title='Girls/Catherine Driscoll Chapter 1 (becoming a girl)'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/ScPGBJ4ucyI/AAAAAAAADO8/TW9yHwIDxMA/s72-c/393px-CherryRipe1879_by_John_Everett_Millais.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-7487983751954862576</id><published>2009-03-20T09:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T09:33:31.536-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Girls/Catherine Driscoll Chapter 2 (Feminine Adolescence)</title><content type='html'>On page 65 the author explains some ideas related with Modern Girls a new kind of girl has emerged... that according to Sueann Caulfield’s discussion this girl “presented problems of contradictory identities”  between been “mother/daughter, virgin/whole, boy/girl” . Later, the writer point out on page 71 that in order to CONTROL this type of girl, the society created popular and institutional texts “focusing on protecting the purity of body (and soul) for (god and) the future mankind” with “proper techniques for being a girl”. Reading this I realized how many times girls are exposed to this awful way to understand who we are and who we want to be. Girls do not need to be controlled or categorized by Ideal Victorian definitions of girls that do not mach with the reality today and completely ignore our capacity as thinkers. The new girl could be a problem, ok… a problem for those who cannot understand that many girls today are fighting in order to discover they own identity, and trying to  find the way to create an environment that accept them.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-7487983751954862576?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/7487983751954862576/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=7487983751954862576' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7487983751954862576'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/7487983751954862576'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/girlscatherine-driscoll-chapter-2.html' title='Girls/Catherine Driscoll Chapter 2 (Feminine Adolescence)'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-8419046327072675711</id><published>2009-03-13T09:28:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T09:28:28.785-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqJp6ULp0I/AAAAAAAADO0/nK9h7S71NeQ/s1600-h/2585_75454696110_623391110_2768935_6828014_n.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqJp6ULp0I/AAAAAAAADO0/nK9h7S71NeQ/s400/2585_75454696110_623391110_2768935_6828014_n.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5312710063558469442" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8419046327072675711?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8419046327072675711/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8419046327072675711' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8419046327072675711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8419046327072675711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqJp6ULp0I/AAAAAAAADO0/nK9h7S71NeQ/s72-c/2585_75454696110_623391110_2768935_6828014_n.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6659631204370425681</id><published>2009-03-13T09:23:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T09:23:52.765-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Veronica Chambers/ To Whom Much is Given, Much is Expected</title><content type='html'>On page 378 the writer mentions Dubois’s, the writer of “the Souls of Black Folk”. This writer declared that “the problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line” pointing out race problems. Later, the writing gave an example of this “paper bag test: anyone darker than a paper bag need not apply” revealing that this was the method used to hire people to do different kind of jobs. This comment catch my attention because I been in situations in were people critic others based in the “paper bag test” while others simply ignore what is going on.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6659631204370425681?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6659631204370425681/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6659631204370425681' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6659631204370425681'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6659631204370425681'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/veronica-chambers-to-whom-much-is-given.html' title='Veronica Chambers/ To Whom Much is Given, Much is Expected'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-2667730836474135105</id><published>2009-03-13T09:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T09:23:07.245-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Work, Wages and Welfare, Women in the U.S. Workforce</title><content type='html'>There is a passage in the writing that talks about the situation of child care in the USA and the relationship that have with other countries, resembling a phenomenon that is the effect of the global economy. In page 346, the writer point out the “crisis of care” that numerous wealthy countries have, and as a result “high numbers of women from countries of the global south, like Philippines, El Salvador, and Dominican Republic, are caring for children, elderly people, and sick people here”. This statement was especially interesting for me, because I had been seeing echoes of the phenomenon in my country (Dominican Republic). Many women of my country come to the USA in order to take care of others children because they need to generate money to support their own families. Many times these women live a type of modern slavery in the new country, because they do not know their rights and do not know how to speak the language. Other times these women are tricked and people who hire them to do childcare in my country, when they arrive here kidnap them and force them to work like prostitutes.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-2667730836474135105?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/2667730836474135105/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=2667730836474135105' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2667730836474135105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2667730836474135105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/work-wages-and-welfare-women-in-us.html' title='Work, Wages and Welfare, Women in the U.S. Workforce'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-3421011048158277622</id><published>2009-03-13T09:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T09:21:34.057-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Since when is Marriage a Path to Liberation?/Paula Ettelbrick</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqHwNLV2SI/AAAAAAAADOs/xMgMdoDsYO0/s1600-h/Cadenas_11952.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 250px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqHwNLV2SI/AAAAAAAADOs/xMgMdoDsYO0/s320/Cadenas_11952.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5312707972677622050" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since when is Marriage a Path to Liberation?/Paula Ettelbrick&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In page 307 the author describes the position of lesbians and gay man, in front of the institution of marriage.  I found interesting the point where she explains that even though gay and lesbian  marriage could be acceptable of the society, the institution , like it is know, do not offer any freedom “just as sexually active non-married women face stigma and double standards around sex and sexual activity, so too would non-married gay people. The only legitimate pay sex would be that which is cloaked in and regulated by marriage”. The author point out that the society needs to create new institutions that support relationships, according to the modern society today, because not all the relationships can be represented by the institution of marriage.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-3421011048158277622?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/3421011048158277622/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=3421011048158277622' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3421011048158277622'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3421011048158277622'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/since-when-is-marriage-path-to.html' title='Since when is Marriage a Path to Liberation?/Paula Ettelbrick'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqHwNLV2SI/AAAAAAAADOs/xMgMdoDsYO0/s72-c/Cadenas_11952.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-8374741885134119195</id><published>2009-03-13T09:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T09:18:57.913-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Ideal Nuclear Family</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqGRSFxPEI/AAAAAAAADOk/qXwhqIgvqTs/s1600-h/143837682_2981e48dfc.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 232px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqGRSFxPEI/AAAAAAAADOk/qXwhqIgvqTs/s320/143837682_2981e48dfc.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5312706341908855874" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chapter 7/The Ideal Nuclear Family (Women s Lives/Gwyn and Margo Okazawa-Rey)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this reading, (page 299) I found really interesting the section that describes the idea of the Nuclear Family “the family is touted as the centerpiece of American life”. Even though today we know that the idea of the nuclear family is an ideal “the prevalence of this ideal image has a strong ideological impact” still many citizens value their life quality by comparing their behavior and environment with myths that cannot be part of their reality. In my opinion the base of a family is love, respect and money. Money, because the reason of many dysfunctional families is not that they are not a family of” husband/wife and 2 ½ children”, the reason is the frustration, stress and difficulties that the family members have to overcome to survive. Money is the principal reason why they are so many “broken homes”.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8374741885134119195?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8374741885134119195/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8374741885134119195' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8374741885134119195'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8374741885134119195'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/03/ideal-nuclear-family.html' title='The Ideal Nuclear Family'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SbqGRSFxPEI/AAAAAAAADOk/qXwhqIgvqTs/s72-c/143837682_2981e48dfc.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-2420239097560297331</id><published>2009-02-26T09:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-26T09:05:49.621-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabL5TKoZyI/AAAAAAAADOM/N3eC5EJFSzE/s1600-h/Marmolejo,+Denisse+007.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 290px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabL5TKoZyI/AAAAAAAADOM/N3eC5EJFSzE/s400/Marmolejo,+Denisse+007.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307153396160554786" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabLxsszj0I/AAAAAAAADOE/KHmTWxe3-QU/s1600-h/Marmolejo,+Denisse+003.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 290px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabLxsszj0I/AAAAAAAADOE/KHmTWxe3-QU/s400/Marmolejo,+Denisse+003.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307153265575825218" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabLqQHDUFI/AAAAAAAADN8/Al0o2RL7sEc/s1600-h/Marmolejo,+Denisse+004.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 290px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabLqQHDUFI/AAAAAAAADN8/Al0o2RL7sEc/s400/Marmolejo,+Denisse+004.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307153137642197074" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-2420239097560297331?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/2420239097560297331/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=2420239097560297331' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2420239097560297331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2420239097560297331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post_26.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SabL5TKoZyI/AAAAAAAADOM/N3eC5EJFSzE/s72-c/Marmolejo,+Denisse+007.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-6572594943292494646</id><published>2009-02-23T06:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-23T06:32:54.143-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The House of the Seven Gables Nathaniel Hawthorne</title><content type='html'>The House:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The House of the Seven Gables is described in “the Romance” in two basics manners: the first one, is the one that usually we used to describe inanimate objects, treating the house as an object that portrays the history of several events that happened since it was constructed: “stateliest architecture of a long past epoch” focusing in all kinds of details, how it seemed to look, now and then. The second description mode is visible when the author explain the past and present qualities of the house and how past events affect it (circumstances in which was constructed, and the decadence of the shape by the time); sometimes the mansion is treated like a “living creature” that reflect all kind of experiences in their walls “ It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences”; other times, the same walls have emotions that can trespass the inanimate world, in order to affect the people who live in it (Pyncheon family, later in the journey Miss Pyncheon and the Daguerreotypist…) because is the ”patrimonial property” of Pyncheon decedents linked to the Old Matthew Maule prophecy “God will give him/them blood to drink”, they reflect the house, the house reflect them. The purpose of this description is to introduce a house with a long and mystic background as a character to the readers, in order to make them believe that the narration is a true story “the idea that it had secrets to keep and an eventful history to moralize upon”. Finally, the last important detail is that the house is always described, since chapter two, as an old house, “many such sunrises as it had witnessed”.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-6572594943292494646?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/6572594943292494646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=6572594943292494646' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6572594943292494646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/6572594943292494646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/house-of-seven-gables-nathaniel.html' title='The House of the Seven Gables Nathaniel Hawthorne'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-3034783924907768606</id><published>2009-02-20T09:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-20T09:06:23.854-08:00</updated><title type='text'>women’s sexuality</title><content type='html'>Chapter 4/women’s sexuality&lt;br /&gt;In the introduction of this chapter (page 165) the author said “much is learned from what is not said as well as what is made explicit”, explaining that believes and behavior regarding sexuality is something that we learn from the society. Following this further, this statement cached my attention because it made explicit that there are many ways to learn, and many times when we do not learn about sexuality by instruction (because “we should not”) anyway we learn about it: we learn how to ignore our sexuality or how to treat any type of thoughts about it like a secret, specially for women: “sexuality can be a source of profound vulnerability for women” (page 173).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guadalupe the sex Goddess/Sandra Cisneros&lt;br /&gt;In this reading the author describes her experience trough live regarding sexuality. I found really interesting the phase when she said “Privacy for self-exploration belonged to the wealthy” (page 175) because I realized that I had, maybe like many people, an stereotype of places and ways to experiment sexuality that in the reality is impossible to be. There are millions of people in this country that for them privacy is an extravagance, they cannot afford it. The effects of this is ignorance and shame that affect the mode that people see themselves and how they interact in the society.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-3034783924907768606?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/3034783924907768606/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=3034783924907768606' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3034783924907768606'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3034783924907768606'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/womens-sexuality.html' title='women’s sexuality'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-2787540175796133659</id><published>2009-02-16T09:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-16T10:05:13.750-08:00</updated><title type='text'>"Sex, Stereotypes, and Beauty: the ABCs and Ds of Commercial Images of Women" By the National Organization for Women Foundation's Love Your Body Campa</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZmqzzGTzkI/AAAAAAAADN0/5rvvhzVgJB4/s1600-h/2.bmp"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 152px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZmqzzGTzkI/AAAAAAAADN0/5rvvhzVgJB4/s200/2.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5303457843072192066" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZmqpqXdC1I/AAAAAAAADNs/iGc5KawKt8M/s1600-h/C__Documents+and+Settings_dmhfm4_Local+Settings_Application+Data_Mozilla_Firefox_Profiles_yhi9i0a3.bmp"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 147px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZmqpqXdC1I/AAAAAAAADNs/iGc5KawKt8M/s200/C__Documents+and+Settings_dmhfm4_Local+Settings_Application+Data_Mozilla_Firefox_Profiles_yhi9i0a3.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5303457668929489746" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Sex, Stereotypes, and Beauty: the ABCs and Ds of Commercial Images of Women"&lt;br /&gt;By the National Organization for Women Foundation's Love Your Body Campaign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Notes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Commercials of beauty and sex are really disturbing for most of women in The United States. These advertisements make women feel that they are not good enough and they have to improve themselves. In order to sell their products, without having respect of the human body, many companies do not really care is they have to brainwash all their clients.  The message is clear “beauty is not natural so you have to work really hard to get it and we are here to help you but only if you have the money”.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Numerous announcements work with the idea that the client is imperfect and need to buy beauty products in order to improve, to be better. The problem with this is that at the same time is telling to the client that there is something wrong with the buyer and her body. Obviously no one is prefect so, they transform the way you see yourself “you need to improve” and convert you in a slave of your body.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea of perfection with a body canon is wrong because the beauty humanity is that everyone is different, diversity is the real beauty. Also, looking through the images (advertisements)  I thought that many were unreal; no one is going to be young forever! The fact that you will become older is fantastic just because you are been living your life, you had many experiences in the past. Therefore when advertisement presents the “eternal young appearance” they are asking you to be someone else, not you. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Certainly women are presented like a toy for sex and an object to be used in order to receive pleasure, almost establishing that women only can be use for sex and lacking of it woman are useless and insignificant.  In order to disturb the idea of roles, women are presented like they have to be obedient, serve and please; they are guilty of been women and have to be punished by a man. At the same time men are presented with authority and power of freedom. This circle of men-god women-bad dehumanizes women. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the section of Celebrity Obsession I realized that topics like breast, skin, weigh is repeated again and again, year after year, by magazines when they are talking about the private life of famous people.   The most shocking example for me was with Britney spears; I know that before she was eighteen she was presented like a sex object, even though she was a teenager. Two months ago, I saw an interview where she said that at that time she always felt that she was going too nowhere fast, saying that at that time she was an adolescent not an adult, and it was really creepy for her to know that everybody saw her like an sex object not knowing who she was. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These two images were the ones that I found most striking in the presentation because both present a naked body (without face) and the message is clear “men are only concern in your vagina”. Looking at the presentation I felt ashamed of myself because I did not realized until now that advertisements are “a serious concern”, before I never pay attention to the real message of woman-sex-object. I become conscious that I have to be alert, and do not let that advertisements manipulate me.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-2787540175796133659?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/2787540175796133659/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=2787540175796133659' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2787540175796133659'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2787540175796133659'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/sex-stereotypes-and-beauty-abcs-and-ds.html' title='&quot;Sex, Stereotypes, and Beauty: the ABCs and Ds of Commercial Images of Women&quot; By the National Organization for Women Foundation&apos;s Love Your Body Campa'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZmqzzGTzkI/AAAAAAAADN0/5rvvhzVgJB4/s72-c/2.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-912443129692301720</id><published>2009-02-13T10:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-13T10:06:18.008-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZW2jr8o3DI/AAAAAAAADM8/TnRGUICgJDA/s1600-h/IMG_0001.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZW2jr8o3DI/AAAAAAAADM8/TnRGUICgJDA/s200/IMG_0001.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302344860507364402" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-912443129692301720?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/912443129692301720/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=912443129692301720' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/912443129692301720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/912443129692301720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SZW2jr8o3DI/AAAAAAAADM8/TnRGUICgJDA/s72-c/IMG_0001.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-2075461870616378423</id><published>2009-02-13T09:55:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-13T09:55:40.087-08:00</updated><title type='text'>9th symphony</title><content type='html'>Denisse Marmolejo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Effects of the 9th symphony by Beethoven&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The appreciation of ninth symphonies by musicians today has a shadow of mystery. In fact, many speculators talk about something called “the curse of the ninth” which is a superstition that explain that any composer after create the 9th symphony died. For example, composers like Schumer, Antonin Dvorack and Beethoven died after they finish the 9th one. The last composer, Beethoven, who is well known for his 9th symphony containing “ The Ode to Joy”, in spite to die after he create this work, I believe  he prologues his live to the infinity.&lt;br /&gt;Why the 9th symphony by Beethoven a phenomenon?  Fist, The 9th symphony, is one of the most profound works made by him.  In addition, in this piece of music Beethoven mix two styles, the Classical and the Romantic. The first time the symphony was preformed, was in 1824. At that time, Beethoven was already deaf; he could not hear the applauses when the people got exited in the theater. Even though he could not hear the emotions that everyone was feeling, he wanted to share his love for the humanity with everyone. As a result of share his amazing work, for decades the 9th symphony have been creating many constructive effects in the live of people all around the world, mainly in helping to the unification of the humanity, generating  positive emotions and inspiriting the spirit. &lt;br /&gt;Anyone who heard the 9th symphony knows that the feeling when you listen to it makes you remember emotions that are related with freedom and the unification of the human being.  This effect it is actually associated with the political-social situation when Beethoven invented it.  At that time he was influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, which are liberty, democracy, equality and brother hood. Therefore, these ideals become part of it and the concerto is symbol of togetherness.  Because this music represents these principles it became a Universal Human Anthem.  As a result of the popularity it constructs an international audience and a significant consideration like a master piece. To illustrate, we can see that the 9th symphony was performed in Berlin to celebrate the dismantling of the Berlin wall. &lt;br /&gt;Another effect of the 9th symphony is that this music generates positive emotions.  When someone is learning an instrument, one of the fist pieces that learn is the “ode of joy”. In particular, professors teach his melody because the performance causes a dramatic sentiment of tranquility to the musicians who play it.  This reaction is still today a mystery, no one knows why this melody creates passion for peace and makes feel that the individuals have the power to do wherever they want.  In essence, people meet thousands of times since 1824, just to play or heard it. In brief “if you don’t feel a sense of excitement while listening to it, you must be death”.  This glorious piece makes people feel good about the world where they live and about all what is around them, makes people to understand all the knowledge restrained by words.  Because of this, in many countries is used in familiar celebrations as well as festivities.  For example, in Japan, it is part of the annual celebrations of New Year. &lt;br /&gt;Additionally another effect of the 9th symphony is that enhance the spirit. In the finale the vocal part intones:&lt;br /&gt;Be embraced, you millions!&lt;br /&gt;This kiss for the whole world!&lt;br /&gt;Brothers, beyond the star-canopy&lt;br /&gt;Must a loving Father dwell.&lt;br /&gt;Be embraced,&lt;br /&gt;This kiss for the whole world!&lt;br /&gt;Joy, beautiful spark of God,&lt;br /&gt;Daughter of Elysium,&lt;br /&gt;Joy, beautiful spark of God&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This part represents the relationship between the man and the universe. The fact that is a symbol of the ideals in the ancient societies as well as today societies is because contains an important message that it was and will be forever true.  The consequence of the message is the appreciation of the nature and the humanity with love.  As a result it create image that represent the human being contemplating the glory of the spirit. So, people understand that is not only live the material world, there is more and you can learned by sharing with the people around you. And it does not matter the religion, all the religions are supported the faith in something that cannot be explained with logic. For example, In Germany, between 1933 and 1945, many musicians were victims of the Nazism, they were enslaved and forced to work, until death.  We know today that many of them survive because they played the 9th symphony when they were living this horrible situation and that encourage them to stay alive.   The 9th symphony makes you understand that to enhance your spirit you must love the humanity and the universe. &lt;br /&gt;In 1974 when Sony create the compact disk that allow 74 minutes just because the 9th symphony by Beethoven, they knew that, this piece of music is not only “an invitation to sing for joy” is more than that. In fact is an invitation to unite the countries by positive emotions that will enhance the spirits.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-2075461870616378423?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/2075461870616378423/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=2075461870616378423' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2075461870616378423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2075461870616378423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/9th-symphony.html' title='9th symphony'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-1053153427916712530</id><published>2009-02-13T09:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-13T09:09:19.891-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The More You Subtract, The more you Add"(1999)/ Jean Kilbourne</title><content type='html'>The More You Subtract, The more you Add"(1999)/ Jean Kilbourne &lt;br /&gt;"The big success story of our entertainment industry is our ability to export insecurity"/Ellen Goodman (page 135).  According to this article women in Fiji change the way they were considering their owns bodies after the introduction of the TV in 1995. Instead of it being good gain weight, like it was before in this culture, it was bad; it was "the sing of a problem" (page 135). I found this point very interesting because it makes me remember a quote that said: "Those who don't know the past are condemned to repeat it" .That happened Fiji happened in my country also (Dom. Rep.) in the 1990, when cable American TV was introduced. Soon after, women in my country started to trying to look like movie start from Hollywood, something impossible for most of the women in my country because we are decedents of Africans. Most of the women in my country have dark skin color, curly hair and are curvy. As a result of advertisements, women in my country started to buy beauty products in order to change the way that they were looking and the obsession with weight was common. An atmosphere of insecurity between women in my country was created as a result of the entertainment industry. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Story of My Body"/Judith Ortiz Cofer&lt;br /&gt;In page 149, the author explains that usually conversations about race are more common between mixed-raced people than mainstream US. Society, she said "In Puerto Rico I heard many conversations about skin color". I think this point is really interesting because is only when you are judged by someone who practice patriarchal believes that you realize your inferiority or superiority by your skin color. In this article Judith Ortiz explain the transition that he lived when she move to New Jersey, she was no longer a blanca, white, she could not enjoy the privileges to be categorized like that. Soon after talking about skin color was not fun at all for her. She was judge just because the way that she was looking. She could not defend herself because she was only a child.  Like her, many children in this country live this abuse.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-1053153427916712530?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/1053153427916712530/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=1053153427916712530' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1053153427916712530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/1053153427916712530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/more-you-subtract-more-you-add1999-jean.html' title='The More You Subtract, The more you Add&quot;(1999)/ Jean Kilbourne'/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-2278244129211101827</id><published>2009-02-06T10:06:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-06T10:06:11.082-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Criticisms that Jefferson makes regarding Wheatley and the subject of race and respond by Phillip Weatley.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;According to &lt;i&gt;Notes on the State of Virginia &lt;/i&gt;by Jefferson, black people could not be integrated to the state and could not be liberated because their inferiority of race, they were "&lt;i&gt;inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind"&lt;/i&gt;. In other words they were not humans; they were like monkeys, "&lt;i&gt;is not their condition then &lt;/i&gt;(slavery),&lt;i&gt; but nature, which has produced the distinction&lt;/i&gt;". In the body of this chapter he makes a list of negative aspects about the Black community, trying to justify his opinion.&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Then, he mentions Phyllis Wheately like a case of mistake, she only wrote because she was connected to God, not because she was a poet and she knew what she was doing, "&lt;i&gt;religion indeed has produced a Phyllis Wheately; but it could not produce a poet". &lt;/i&gt;In my opinion, Jefferson judges her as a miracle. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Wheatley supported the independence and the elimination of slavery.&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In her poems she criticized/responded directly to the prejudices that white people (not specifically Jefferson) were having against blacks and slaves. Her poem &lt;i&gt;on being brought form Africa to America &lt;/i&gt;reflects her political/religious position: "&lt;i&gt;remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, /may be refined, and join the angelic train&lt;/i&gt;". In her poetry the theme is Freedom and the relationship with God.&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Wheatley is against all tyrannical systems. For example this verse "&lt;i&gt;Elate with hope her race no longer mourns,/each soul expands, each grateful bosom burns, /while in thine hand with pleasure we behold/the silken reins, and Foredooms charms unfold". &lt;/i&gt;In my opinion she did not respond directly because of her position (she was a black woman in 1700-1800). However, she wrote and published her poems in order to make her voice be heard, and to demonstrate that black people were not animals. &lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-2278244129211101827?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/2278244129211101827/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=2278244129211101827' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2278244129211101827'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/2278244129211101827'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/criticisms-that-jefferson-makes.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-8864537120541301179</id><published>2009-02-06T10:05:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-06T10:05:17.194-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Chandra Talpede Mohanty/ Genealogies of Community, Home and Nation. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;In this article she talks about the relationship between immigrants, especially form Asia (she is form India) and United States.  Sometimes immigrants are classified like a minority.  In page  51 she said: &lt;i&gt;" I quickly discovered that being a foreign student, and a woman at that, meant being either dismissed as irrelevant(the quiet Asian woman stereotype), or treated in racist ways&lt;/i&gt;".  When I read this I felt like she took what I felt and wrote about it.  My interpretation of this statement is that in the American Society not only Black Community women's are treated with injustice also many others women from other countries that are the "minority".  For me this is an everyday reality, and it is just because I am a foreign student, which means that I am not part of the American Society, even though I am integrated to the activities of this society and I am a full student here. &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Feminism is for everyb&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;ody/Bell Hooks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;In the chapter &lt;i&gt;"Feminist Education for critical consciousness",&lt;/i&gt; the author explains that the Feminist Movement went into the classrooms after the Feminist Literature existed and the women history was recovered (page 19, 20). This fact is specially interesting for me because it means that even before the Feminism "exist" in the reality (books, conferences, people that did groups of discussion) it exist in the head of many woman, even though nothing could prove it , was just the "idea". &lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Many women did not felt fine about their reality, but only after Feminism was created and exposed to the public view, many women's were represented. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-8864537120541301179?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/8864537120541301179/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=8864537120541301179' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8864537120541301179'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/8864537120541301179'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/chandra-talpede-mohanty-genealogies-of.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-9206031330650341673</id><published>2009-02-06T10:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-06T10:03:33.711-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A Feminist Sexual politic/women's lives/Bell Hooks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;The feminist movement helped to change the situation that women's have in relation to sex relationships. The movement help to legalize methods of birth control. As a result, women's lived a époque of sexual liberation. Before, "&lt;i&gt;a desiring woman might find the intersection of her desire and her fear"&lt;/i&gt;(page 85), women's were not able to express their desire. However, in the same chapter she said that &lt;i&gt;"sexual promiscuity and sexual liberation were not the same "&lt;/i&gt;(page 87)trying to explain that a woman without a consciousness about her own body is not respecting herself; she may have sex with many people but that is not related with her own freedom like human being. She is not having sexual integrity. &lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;When I was reading the chapter, the idea of "sexual integrity" call my attention in a tremendous way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Chapter 2Identities and Social locations: Who Am I? Who are my People?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;In this chapter, the author Federica Y. Daly explains the historical background that native American woman's have. Indian women in the past did not need feminism because in their tribal women's were respected "&lt;i&gt;Indian women do not need liberation, they have always been liberated within their tribal (structure/American Indian women-telling their lives)&lt;/i&gt;" (page 75). However, this situation change when Indian men started to behavior in a patriarchal way "&lt;i&gt;It is not surprising to find some Indian men reflecting the attitudes of the white majority in relating to Indian woman. this is the psychological phenomenon found in oppressed people, labeled as identification with the oppressor"&lt;/i&gt;(page 77)This point was really interesting for me because demonstrate that sexism is not something that is natural in our society, sexism &lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;something that you learn from the oppressor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-9206031330650341673?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/9206031330650341673/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=9206031330650341673' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/9206031330650341673'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/9206031330650341673'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2009/02/feminist-sexual-politicwomens-livesbell.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6415203724459731266.post-3057900342845017834</id><published>2008-10-26T23:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-26T23:15:56.840-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SQVchvaNhGI/AAAAAAAAC3E/cJm3YI3ZBx0/s1600-h/DSCN9140.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5261713474384135266" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SQVchvaNhGI/AAAAAAAAC3E/cJm3YI3ZBx0/s320/DSCN9140.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6415203724459731266-3057900342845017834?l=denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/feeds/3057900342845017834/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6415203724459731266&amp;postID=3057900342845017834' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3057900342845017834'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6415203724459731266/posts/default/3057900342845017834'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://denissemarmolejo.blogspot.com/2008/10/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Denisse Marmolejo Hernández</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08980722786688552648</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='19' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SgE60vYdCHI/AAAAAAAADQ0/O22EybJlkp0/S220/DSCN0270.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qyxzBGBhrpU/SQVchvaNhGI/AAAAAAAAC3E/cJm3YI3ZBx0/s72-c/DSCN9140.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
